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<div class="maketitle">
<h2 class="titleHead">The TeX Live Guide—2020 </h2>
<div class="author" ><span
class="ec-lmr-12">Karl Berry, editor</span>
<br /> <a
href="https://tug.org/texlive/" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texlive/</span></a> </div><br />
<div class="date" ><span
class="ec-lmr-12">March 2020</span></div>
</div>
<h3 class="likesectionHead"><a
id="x1-1000"></a>Contents</h3>
<div class="tableofcontents">
<span class="sectionToc" >1 <a
href="#x1-20001" id="QQ2-1-2">Introduction</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >1.1 <a
href="#x1-30001.1" id="QQ2-1-3">TeX Live and the TeX Collection</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >1.2 <a
href="#x1-40001.2" id="QQ2-1-4">Operating system support</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >1.3 <a
href="#x1-50001.3" id="QQ2-1-5">Basic installation of TeX Live</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >1.4 <a
href="#x1-60001.4" id="QQ2-1-6">Security considerations</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >1.5 <a
href="#x1-70001.5" id="QQ2-1-7">Getting help</a></span>
<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >2 <a
href="#x1-80002" id="QQ2-1-8">Overview of TeX Live</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >2.1 <a
href="#x1-90002.1" id="QQ2-1-9">The TeX Collection: TeX Live, proTeXt, MacTeX</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >2.2 <a
href="#x1-100002.2" id="QQ2-1-10">Top level TeX Live directories</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >2.3 <a
href="#x1-110002.3" id="QQ2-1-11">Overview of the predefined texmf trees</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >2.4 <a
href="#x1-120002.4" id="QQ2-1-12">Extensions to TeX</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >2.5 <a
href="#x1-130002.5" id="QQ2-1-13">Other notable programs in TeX Live</a></span>
<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >3 <a
href="#x1-140003" id="QQ2-1-14">Installation</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >3.1 <a
href="#x1-150003.1" id="QQ2-1-15">Starting the installer</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.1.1 <a
href="#x1-160003.1.1" id="QQ2-1-17">Unix</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.1.2 <a
href="#x1-170003.1.2" id="QQ2-1-18">Mac OS X</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.1.3 <a
href="#x1-180003.1.3" id="QQ2-1-19">Windows</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.1.4 <a
href="#x1-190003.1.4" id="QQ2-1-23">Cygwin</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.1.5 <a
href="#x1-200003.1.5" id="QQ2-1-24">The text installer</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.1.6 <a
href="#x1-210003.1.6" id="QQ2-1-25">The graphical installer</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.1.7 <a
href="#x1-220003.1.7" id="QQ2-1-26">The legacy installers</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >3.2 <a
href="#x1-230003.2" id="QQ2-1-27">Running the installer</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.2.1 <a
href="#x1-240003.2.1" id="QQ2-1-28">Binary systems menu (Unix only)</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.2.2 <a
href="#x1-250003.2.2" id="QQ2-1-30">Selecting what is to be installed</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.2.3 <a
href="#x1-260003.2.3" id="QQ2-1-33">Directories</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.2.4 <a
href="#x1-270003.2.4" id="QQ2-1-34">Options</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >3.3 <a
href="#x1-280003.3" id="QQ2-1-36">Command-line install-tl options</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.3.1 <a
href="#x1-290003.3.1" id="QQ2-1-37">The <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-repository </span>option</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >3.4 <a
href="#x1-300003.4" id="QQ2-1-38">Post-install actions</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.1 <a
href="#x1-310003.4.1" id="QQ2-1-39">Environment variables for Unix</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.2 <a
href="#x1-320003.4.2" id="QQ2-1-40">Environment variables: Global configuration</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.3 <a
href="#x1-330003.4.3" id="QQ2-1-41">Internet updates after DVD installation</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.4 <a
href="#x1-340003.4.4" id="QQ2-1-42">System font configuration for XeTeX and LuaTeX</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.5 <a
href="#x1-350003.4.5" id="QQ2-1-43">ConTeXt Mark IV</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.6 <a
href="#x1-360003.4.6" id="QQ2-1-44">Integrating local and personal macros</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.7 <a
href="#x1-370003.4.7" id="QQ2-1-45">Integrating third-party fonts</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >3.5 <a
href="#x1-380003.5" id="QQ2-1-46">Testing the installation</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >3.6 <a
href="#x1-390003.6" id="QQ2-1-47">Links for additional downloadable software</a></span>
<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >4 <a
href="#x1-400004" id="QQ2-1-48">Specialized installations</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >4.1 <a
href="#x1-410004.1" id="QQ2-1-49">Shared-user (or cross-machine) installations</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >4.2 <a
href="#x1-420004.2" id="QQ2-1-50">Portable (USB) installations</a></span>
<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >5 <a
href="#x1-430005" id="QQ2-1-51"><span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span>: Managing your installation</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >5.1 <a
href="#x1-440005.1" id="QQ2-1-55">GUI interfaces for <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span></a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >5.2 <a
href="#x1-450005.2" id="QQ2-1-56">Sample <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>command-line invocations</a></span>
<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >6 <a
href="#x1-460006" id="QQ2-1-57">Notes on Windows</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >6.1 <a
href="#x1-470006.1" id="QQ2-1-58">Windows-specific features</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >6.2 <a
href="#x1-480006.2" id="QQ2-1-59">Additional software included on Windows</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >6.3 <a
href="#x1-490006.3" id="QQ2-1-60">User Profile is Home</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >6.4 <a
href="#x1-500006.4" id="QQ2-1-61">The Windows registry</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >6.5 <a
href="#x1-510006.5" id="QQ2-1-62">Windows permissions</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >6.6 <a
href="#x1-520006.6" id="QQ2-1-63">Increasing maximum memory on Windows and Cygwin</a></span>
<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >7 <a
href="#x1-530007" id="QQ2-1-64">A user’s guide to Web2C</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >7.1 <a
href="#x1-540007.1" id="QQ2-1-65">Kpathsea path searching</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.1 <a
href="#x1-550007.1.1" id="QQ2-1-66">Path sources</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.2 <a
href="#x1-560007.1.2" id="QQ2-1-67">Config files</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.3 <a
href="#x1-570007.1.3" id="QQ2-1-68">Path expansion</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.4 <a
href="#x1-580007.1.4" id="QQ2-1-69">Default expansion</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.5 <a
href="#x1-590007.1.5" id="QQ2-1-70">Brace expansion</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.6 <a
href="#x1-600007.1.6" id="QQ2-1-71">Subdirectory expansion</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.7 <a
href="#x1-610007.1.7" id="QQ2-1-72">Summary of special characters in <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>files</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >7.2 <a
href="#x1-620007.2" id="QQ2-1-73">Filename databases</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.2.1 <a
href="#x1-630007.2.1" id="QQ2-1-74">The filename database</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.2.2 <a
href="#x1-640007.2.2" id="QQ2-1-75">kpsewhich: Standalone path searching</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.2.3 <a
href="#x1-650007.2.3" id="QQ2-1-76">Examples of use</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.2.4 <a
href="#x1-660007.2.4" id="QQ2-1-77">Debugging actions</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >7.3 <a
href="#x1-670007.3" id="QQ2-1-79">Runtime options</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >7.4 <a
href="#x1-680007.4" id="QQ2-1-80"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFDOTDIR</span></a></span>
<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >8 <a
href="#x1-690008" id="QQ2-1-81">Acknowledgements</a></span>
<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >9 <a
href="#x1-700009" id="QQ2-1-82">Release history</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >9.1 <a
href="#x1-710009.1" id="QQ2-1-83">Past</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.1 <a
href="#x1-720009.1.1" id="QQ2-1-84">2003</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.2 <a
href="#x1-730009.1.2" id="QQ2-1-85">2004</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.3 <a
href="#x1-740009.1.3" id="QQ2-1-86">2005</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.4 <a
href="#x1-750009.1.4" id="QQ2-1-87">2006–2007</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.5 <a
href="#x1-760009.1.5" id="QQ2-1-88">2008</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.6 <a
href="#x1-770009.1.6" id="QQ2-1-89">2009</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.7 <a
href="#x1-780009.1.7" id="QQ2-1-90">2010</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.8 <a
href="#x1-790009.1.8" id="QQ2-1-91">2011</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.9 <a
href="#x1-800009.1.9" id="QQ2-1-92">2012</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.10 <a
href="#x1-810009.1.10" id="QQ2-1-93">2013</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.11 <a
href="#x1-820009.1.11" id="QQ2-1-94">2014</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.12 <a
href="#x1-830009.1.12" id="QQ2-1-95">2015</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.13 <a
href="#x1-840009.1.13" id="QQ2-1-96">2016</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.14 <a
href="#x1-850009.1.14" id="QQ2-1-97">2017</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.15 <a
href="#x1-860009.1.15" id="QQ2-1-98">2018</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.16 <a
href="#x1-870009.1.16" id="QQ2-1-99">2019</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >9.2 <a
href="#x1-880009.2" id="QQ2-1-100">Present: 2020</a></span>
<br /> <span class="subsectionToc" >9.3 <a
href="#x1-890009.3" id="QQ2-1-101">Future</a></span>
</div>
<!--l. 30--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1 </span> <a
id="x1-20001"></a>Introduction</h3>
<!--l. 33--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1 </span> <a
id="x1-30001.1"></a>TeX Live and the TeX Collection</h4>
<!--l. 35--><p class="noindent" >This document describes the main features of the TeX Live software distribution — TeX and related programs
for GNU/Linux and other Unix flavors, Mac OS X, and Windows systems.
</p><!--l. 39--><p class="indent" > You may have acquired TeX Live by downloading, or on the TeX Collection DVD, which TeX user groups
distribute among their members, or in other ways. Section <a
href="#x1-90002.1">2.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tl-coll-dists --></a> briefly describes the contents of the DVD. Both
TeX Live and the TeX Collection are cooperative efforts by the TeX user groups. This document mainly
describes TeX Live itself.
</p><!--l. 45--><p class="indent" > TeX Live includes executables for TeX, LaTeX2e, ConTeXt, Metafont, MetaPost, BibTeX and many other
programs; an extensive collection of macros, fonts and documentation; and support for typesetting in many
different scripts from around the world.
</p><!--l. 50--><p class="indent" > For a brief summary of the major changes in this edition of TeX Live, see the end of the document,
section <a
href="#x1-700009">9<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:history --></a> (p. <a
href="#x1-700009">78<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:history --></a>).
</p><!--l. 55--><p class="indent" > <a id="platforms"></a>
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.2 </span> <a
id="x1-40001.2"></a>Operating system support</h4>
<!--l. 59--><p class="noindent" >TeX Live contains binaries for many Unix-based platforms, including GNU/Linux, Mac OS X,
and Cygwin. The included sources can be compiled on platforms for which we do not provide
binaries.
</p><!--l. 63--><p class="indent" > As to Windows: Windows 7 and later are supported. Windows Vista may still mostly work, but TeX Live
will no longer even install on Windows XP or earlier. TeX Live includes no 64-bit executables for Windows,
but the 32-bit executables should run on 64-bit systems.
</p><!--l. 69--><p class="indent" > See section <a
href="#x1-90002.1">2.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tl-coll-dists --></a> for alternate solutions for Windows and Mac OS X.
</p><!--l. 72--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.3 </span> <a
id="x1-50001.3"></a>Basic installation of TeX Live</h4>
<!--l. 75--><p class="noindent" >You can install TeX Live either from DVD or over the Internet (<a
href="https://tug.org/texlive/acquire.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/acquire.html</span></a>).
The net installer itself is small, and downloads everything requested from the Internet.
</p><!--l. 79--><p class="indent" > The DVD installer lets you install to a local disk. You cannot run TeX Live directly from the
TeX Collection DVD (or its <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.iso </span>image), but you can prepare a runnable installation on, e.g., a
USB stick (see section <a
href="#x1-420004.2">4.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:portable-tl --></a>). Installation is described in later sections (p. <a
href="#x1-140003">12<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:install --></a>), but here is a quick
start:
</p>
<ul class="itemize1">
<li class="itemize">The installation script is named <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">install-tl</span>. It can operate in a “gui mode” given the option
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-gui </span>(default for Windows and Mac OS X), a text mode given <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-gui=text </span>(default for everything
else). On Unix platforms, the former Perl/Tk and wizard modes are still available if Perl/Tk is
installed; see section <a
href="#x1-180003.1.3">3.1.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:wininst --></a> for Windows.
</li>
<li class="itemize">One of the installed items is the ‘TeX Live Manager’ program, named <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span>. Like the installer, it
can be used in both GUI mode and in text mode. You can use it to install and uninstall packages
and do various configuration tasks.
</li></ul>
<!--l. 103--><p class="indent" > <a id="security"></a>
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.4 </span> <a
id="x1-60001.4"></a>Security considerations</h4>
<!--l. 107--><p class="noindent" >To the best of our knowledge, the core TeX programs themselves are (and always have been) extremely robust.
However, the contributed programs in TeX Live may not reach the same level, despite everyone’s best efforts.
As always, you should be careful when running programs on untrusted input; to improve safety, use a new
subdirectory or chroot.
</p><!--l. 113--><p class="indent" > This need for care is especially urgent on Windows, since in general Windows finds programs in the current
directory before anything else, regardless of the search path. This opens up a wide variety of possible attacks.
We have closed many holes, but undoubtedly some remain, especially with third-party programs. Thus, we
recommend checking for suspicious files in the current directory, especially executables (binaries or scripts).
Ordinarily they should not be present, and definitely should not normally be created by merely processing a
document.
</p><!--l. 122--><p class="indent" > Finally, TeX (and its companion programs) are able to write files when processing documents, a feature
that can also be abused in a wide variety of ways. Again, processing unknown documents in a new subdirectory
is the safest bet.
</p><!--l. 127--><p class="indent" > Another aspect of security is ensuring that downloaded material has not been changed from what was
created. The <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>program (section <a
href="#x1-430005">5<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tlmgr --></a>) will automatically perform cryptographic verification on downloads if
the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">gpg </span>(GNU Privacy Guard) program is available. It is not distributed as part of TeX Live, but see
<a
href="https://texlive.info/tlgpg/" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://texlive.info/tlgpg/</span></a> for information about <span
class="ec-lmss-10">gpg </span>if need be.
</p><!--l. 135--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.5 </span> <a
id="x1-70001.5"></a>Getting help</h4>
<!--l. 138--><p class="noindent" >The TeX community is active and friendly, and most serious questions end up getting answered. However, the
support is informal, done by volunteers and casual users, so it’s especially important that you do your
homework before asking. (If you prefer guaranteed commercial support, you can forgo TeX Live
completely and purchase a vendor’s system; <a
href="https://tug.org/interest.html#vendors" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/interest.html#vendors</span></a> has a
list.)
</p><!--l. 145--><p class="indent" > Here is a list of resources, approximately in the order we recommend using them:
</p><!--l. 148--><p class="indent" >
</p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">Getting started</span> </dt><dd
class="description">If you are new to TeX, the web page <a
href="https://tug.org/begin.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/begin.html</span></a> gives a brief
introduction to the system.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">TeX FAQ</span> </dt><dd
class="description">The TeX FAQ is a huge compendium of answers to all sorts of questions, from the most
basic to the most arcane. It is included on TeX Live in <a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/generic/FAQ-en/" >texmf-dist/doc/generic/FAQ-en/</a>, and is
available on the Internet through <a
href="https://texfaq.org" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://texfaq.org</span></a>. Please check here first.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">TeX Catalogue</span> </dt><dd
class="description">If you are looking for a particular package, font, program, etc., the TeX
Catalogue is the place to look. It is a huge collection of all TeX-related items. See
<a
href="https://ctan.org/pkg/catalogue" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://ctan.org/pkg/catalogue</span></a>.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">TeX Web Resources</span> </dt><dd
class="description">The web page <a
href="https://tug.org/interest.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/interest.html</span></a> has many TeX-related links,
in particular for numerous books, manuals, and articles on all aspects of the system.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">support archives</span> </dt><dd
class="description">Principal
support forums for TeX include the LaTeX community site at <a
href="https://latex.org" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://latex.org</span></a>, the q&a site
<a
href="https://tex.stackexchange.com" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tex.stackexchange.com</span></a>, the Usenet newsgroup <a
href="news:comp.text.tex" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">news:comp.text.tex</span></a>, and the mailing
list <a
href="mailto:texhax@tug.org" ><span class="path"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texhax@tug.org</span></span></a>. Their archives have years of past questions and answers for your searching
pleasure, via, for the latter two, <a
href="http://groups.google.com/group/comp.text.tex/topics" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">http://groups.google.com/group/comp.text.tex/topics</span></a> and
<a
href="https://tug.org/mail-archives/texhax" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/mail-archives/texhax</span></a>. And a general web search never hurts.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">asking questions</span> </dt><dd
class="description">If you cannot find an answer, you can post to <a
href="http://latex-community.org/" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">http://latex-community.org/</span></a>
and <a
href="https://tex.stackexchange.com/" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tex.stackexchange.com/</span></a> through their web interfaces, to <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">comp.text.tex </span>through
Google or your newsreader, or to <a
href="mailto:texhax@tug.org" ><span class="path"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texhax@tug.org</span></span></a> through email. But before you post
anywhere, please read this FAQ entry, to maximize your chances of getting a useful answer:
<a
href="https://texfaq.org/FAQ-askquestion" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://texfaq.org/FAQ-askquestion</span></a>.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">TeX Live support</span> </dt><dd
class="description">If you want to report a bug or have suggestions or comments on the TeX Live
distribution, installation, or documentation, the mailing list is <a
href="mailto:tex-live@tug.org" ><span class="path"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tex-live@tug.org</span></span></a>. However, if
your question is about how to use a particular program included in TeX Live, please write to
that program’s maintainer or mailing list. Often running a program with the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">--help </span>option will
provide a bug reporting address.
</dd></dl>
<!--l. 198--><p class="indent" > The other side of the coin is helping others who have questions. All the above resources are open to anyone,
so feel free to join, start reading, and help out where you can.
</p><!--l. 205--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2 </span> <a
id="x1-80002"></a>Overview of TeX Live</h3>
<!--l. 208--><p class="noindent" >This section describes the contents of TeX Live and the TeX Collection of which it is a part.
</p><!--l. 212--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2.1 </span> <a
id="x1-90002.1"></a>The TeX Collection: TeX Live, proTeXt, MacTeX</h4>
<!--l. 215--><p class="noindent" >The TeX Collection DVD comprises the following:
</p><!--l. 217--><p class="indent" >
</p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">TeX Live</span> </dt><dd
class="description">A complete TeX system to be installed to disk. Home page: <a
href="https://tug.org/texlive/" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/</span></a>.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">MacTeX</span> </dt><dd
class="description">for Mac OS X (currently named macOS by Apple, but we continue to use the older name in
this document), this adds a native Mac OS X installer and other Mac applications to TeX Live.
Home page: <a
href="https://tug.org/mactex/" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/mactex/</span></a>.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">proTeXt</span> </dt><dd
class="description">An enhancement of the MiKTeX distribution for Windows, proTeXt adds a few extra tools
to MiKTeX, and simplifies installation. It is entirely independent of TeX Live, and has its own
installation instructions. Home page: <a
href="https://tug.org/protext/" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/protext/</span></a>.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">CTAN</span> </dt><dd
class="description">A snapshot of the CTAN repository (<a
href="https://ctan.org/" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://ctan.org/</span></a>).
</dd></dl>
<!--l. 237--><p class="indent" > CTAN and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">protext </span>do not follow the same copying conditions as TeX Live, so be careful when redistributing
or modifying.
</p><!--l. 241--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2.2 </span> <a
id="x1-100002.2"></a>Top level TeX Live directories</h4>
<!--l. 244--><p class="noindent" >Here is a brief listing and description of the top level directories in a TeX Live installation.
</p><!--l. 247--><p class="noindent" >
</p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">bin</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 248--><p class="noindent" >The TeX system programs, arranged by platform.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">readme-*.dir</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 250--><p class="noindent" >Quick overview and useful links for TeX Live, in various languages, in both HTML and plain text.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">source</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 253--><p class="noindent" >The source to all included programs, including the main Web2C-based TeX distributions.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-dist</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 256--><p class="noindent" >The principal tree; see <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFDIST </span>below.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlpkg</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 258--><p class="noindent" >Scripts, programs and data for managing the installation, and special support for Windows.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 262--><p class="indent" > For documentation, the comprehensive links in the top-level file <a
href="../../../../doc.html" >doc.html</a> may be helpful. The
documentation for nearly everything (packages, formats, fonts, program manuals, man pages, Info
files) is in <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-dist/doc</span>. You can use the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">texdoc </span>program to find documentation wherever it is
located.
</p><!--l. 268--><p class="indent" > This TeX Live documentation itself is in <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-dist/doc/texlive</span>, available in several languages:
</p>
<ul class="itemize1">
<li class="itemize">Czech/Slovak: <a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-cz" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-cz</a>
</li>
<li class="itemize">German: <a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-de" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-de</a>
</li>
<li class="itemize">English: <a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en</a>
</li>
<li class="itemize">French: <a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-fr" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-fr</a>
</li>
<li class="itemize">Italian: <a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-it" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-it</a>
</li>
<li class="itemize">Japanese: <a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-ja" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-ja</a>
</li>
<li class="itemize">Polish: <a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-pl" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-pl</a>
</li>
<li class="itemize">Russian: <a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-ru" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-ru</a>
</li>
<li class="itemize">Serbian: <a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-sr" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-sr</a>
</li>
<li class="itemize">Simplified Chinese: <a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-zh-cn" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-zh-cn</a></li></ul>
<!--l. 284--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2.3 </span> <a
id="x1-110002.3"></a>Overview of the predefined texmf trees</h4>
<!--l. 287--><p class="noindent" >This section lists the predefined variables specifying the texmf trees used by the system, and their
intended purpose, and the default layout of TeX Live. The command <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> conf </span>shows the values of
these variables, so that you can easily find out how they map to particular directories in your
installation.
</p><!--l. 293--><p class="indent" > All of the trees, including the personal ones, should follow the TeX Directory Structure (TDS,
<a
href="https://tug.org/tds" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/tds</span></a>), with all its myriad subdirectories, or files may not be found. Section <a
href="#x1-360003.4.6">3.4.6<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:local-personal-macros --></a> (p. <a
href="#x1-360003.4.6">42<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:local-personal-macros --></a>)
describes this in more detail. The order here is the reverse order in which the trees are searched, that is, later
trees in the list override earlier ones.
</p><!--l. 301--><p class="noindent" >
</p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFDIST</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 302--><p class="noindent" >The tree which holds nearly all of the files in the original distribution—configuration files, scripts,
packages, fonts, etc. (The main exception are the per-platform executables, which are stored in a
sibling directory <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">bin/</span>.)
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSVAR</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 306--><p class="noindent" >The (site-wide) tree used by <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texconfig-sys</span></span></span>, <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">updmap-sys</span></span></span> and <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">fmtutil-sys</span></span></span>, and also by <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr</span></span></span>,
to store (cached) runtime data such as format files and generated map files.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSCONFIG</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 309--><p class="noindent" >The (site-wide) tree used by the utilities <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texconfig-sys</span></span></span>, <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">updmap-sys</span></span></span>, and <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">fmtutil-sys</span></span></span> to store
modified configuration data.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFLOCAL</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 312--><p class="noindent" >The tree which administrators can use for system-wide installation of additional or updated
macros, fonts, etc.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFHOME</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 314--><p class="noindent" >The tree which users can use for their own individual installations of additional or updated macros,
fonts, etc. The expansion of this variable dynamically adjusts for each user to their own individual
directory.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFVAR</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 318--><p class="noindent" >The (personal) tree used by <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texconfig</span></span></span>, <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">updmap-user</span></span></span> and <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">fmtutil-user</span></span></span> to store (cached) runtime
data such as format files and generated map files.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFCONFIG</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 321--><p class="noindent" >The (personal) tree used by the utilities <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texconfig</span></span></span>, <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">updmap-sys</span></span></span>, and <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">fmtutil-sys</span></span></span> to store
modified configuration data.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFCACHE</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 324--><p class="noindent" >The tree(s) used by ConTeXt MkIV and LuaLaTeX to store (cached) runtime data; defaults to
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSVAR</span>, or (if that’s not writable), <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFVAR</span>.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 329--><p class="noindent" >The default layout is:
</p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">system-wide root</span> </dt><dd
class="description">can span multiple TeX Live releases (<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/usr/local/texlive </span>by default on
Unix):
<dl class="list2"><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">2019</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 335--><p class="noindent" >A previous release.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">2020</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 336--><p class="noindent" >The current release.
</p><dl class="list3"><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">bin</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 338--><p class="noindent" >
</p><dl class="list4"><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">i386-linux</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 340--><p class="noindent" >GNU/Linux binaries (32-bit)
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">...</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 341--><p class="noindent" >
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwin</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 342--><p class="noindent" >Mac OS X binaries
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-linux</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 343--><p class="noindent" >GNU/Linux binaries (64-bit)
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">win32</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 344--><p class="noindent" >Windows binaries</p></dd></dl>
</dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-dist</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 346--><p class="noindent" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFDIST </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFMAIN</span>
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-var </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 347--><p class="noindent" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSVAR</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFCACHE</span>
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-config</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 348--><p class="noindent" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSCONFIG</span></p></dd></dl>
</dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-local</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 350--><p class="noindent" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFLOCAL</span>, intended to be retained from release to release.</p></dd></dl>
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">user’s home directory</span> </dt><dd
class="description">(<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$HOME </span>or <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">%USERPROFILE%</span>)
<dl class="list2"><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.texlive2019</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 356--><p class="noindent" >Privately generated and configuration data for a previous release.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.texlive2020</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 358--><p class="noindent" >Privately generated and configuration data for the current release.
</p><dl class="list3"><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-var</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 361--><p class="noindent" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFVAR</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFCACHE</span>
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-config</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 362--><p class="noindent" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFCONFIG</span></p></dd></dl>
</dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 364--><p class="noindent" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFHOME </span>Personal macros, etc.</p></dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<!--l. 369--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2.4 </span> <a
id="x1-120002.4"></a>Extensions to TeX</h4>
<!--l. 372--><p class="noindent" >Knuth’s original TeX itself is frozen, apart from rare bug fixes. It is present in TeX Live as the program <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tex</span>,
and will remain so for the foreseeable future. TeX Live also contains several extended versions of TeX (also
known as TeX engines):
</p><!--l. 377--><p class="indent" >
</p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">e-TeX</span> </dt><dd
class="description">adds a set of new primitives (related to macro expansion, character scanning, classes
of marks, additional debugging features, and more) and the TeX--XE T extensions for
bidirectional typesetting. In default mode, e-TeX is 100% compatible with ordinary TeX. See
<a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.pdf" >texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.pdf</a>.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">pdfTeX</span> </dt><dd
class="description">builds on the e-TeX extensions, adding support for writing PDF output as well as DVI, and
many non-output-related
extensions. This is the program invoked for most formats, e.g., <span
class="ec-lmss-10">etex</span>, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">latex</span>, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">pdflatex</span>. Its web site is
<a
href="http://www.pdftex.org/" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">http://www.pdftex.org/</span></a>. See <a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/manual/pdftex-a.pdf" >texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/manual/pdftex-a.pdf</a> for the manual, and
<a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/samplepdftex/samplepdf.tex" >texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/samplepdftex/samplepdf.tex</a> for example usage of some of its features.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">LuaTeX</span> </dt><dd
class="description">is the designated successor of pdfTeX, and is mostly (but not entirely) backward-compatible.
It is also intended to be a functional superset of Aleph (see below), though perfect compatibility is
not intended. The incorporated Lua interpreter (<a
href="https://lua.org/" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://lua.org/</span></a>) enables elegant solutions for
many thorny TeX problems. When called as <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texlua</span>, it functions as a standalone Lua interpreter,
and is used as such within TeX Live. Its web site is <a
href="http://www.luatex.org/" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">http://www.luatex.org/</span></a>, and the reference
manual is <a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/luatex/base/luatex.pdf" >texmf-dist/doc/luatex/base/luatex.pdf</a>.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">XeTeX</span> </dt><dd
class="description">adds support for Unicode input and OpenType- and system fonts, implemented using standard
third-party libraries. See <a
href="https://tug.org/xetex" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/xetex</span></a>.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">Omega</span><span
class="ec-lmbx-10"> (Omega)</span> </dt><dd
class="description">is based on Unicode (16-bit characters), thus supports working with almost all the
world’s scripts simultaneously. It also supports so-called ‘Omega Translation Processes’ (OTPs),
for performing complex transformations on arbitrary input. Omega is no longer included in TeX
Live as a separate program; only Aleph is provided:
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">Aleph</span> </dt><dd
class="description">combines the Omega and e-TeX extensions. See <a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/aleph/base" >texmf-dist/doc/aleph/base</a>.
</dd></dl>
<!--l. 421--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2.5 </span> <a
id="x1-130002.5"></a>Other notable programs in TeX Live</h4>
<!--l. 423--><p class="noindent" >Here are a few other commonly-used programs included in TeX Live:
</p><!--l. 425--><p class="indent" >
</p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">bibtex, biber</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 427--><p class="noindent" >bibliography support.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">makeindex, xindy</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 429--><p class="noindent" >index support.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvips</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 431--><p class="noindent" >convert DVI to PostScript.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">xdvi</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 433--><p class="noindent" >DVI previewer for the X Window System.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">dviconcat, dviselect</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 435--><p class="noindent" >cut and paste pages from DVI files.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvipdfmx</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 438--><p class="noindent" >convert DVI to PDF, an alternative approach to pdfTeX (mentioned above).
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">psselect, psnup, </span><span
class="ec-lmss-10">…</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 441--><p class="noindent" >PostScript utilities.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">pdfjam, pdfjoin, </span><span
class="ec-lmss-10">…</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 443--><p class="noindent" >PDF utilities.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">context, mtxrun</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 445--><p class="noindent" >ConTeXt and PDF processor.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">htlatex, </span><span
class="ec-lmss-10">…</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 447--><p class="noindent" ><span
class="ec-lmss-10">tex4ht</span>: (L<span
class="ec-lmr-7">A</span> )TeX to HTML (and XML and more) converter.
</p>
</dd></dl>
<!--l. 453--><p class="indent" > <a id="installation"></a>
</p>
<h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3 </span> <a
id="x1-140003"></a>Installation</h3>
<!--l. 457--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1 </span> <a
id="x1-150003.1"></a>Starting the installer</h4>
<!--l. 460--><p class="noindent" >To begin, get the TeX Collection DVD or download the TeX Live net installer. See
<a
href="https://tug.org/texlive/acquire.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/acquire.html</span></a> for more information and other methods of getting the
software.
</p><!--l. 464--><p class="indent" >
</p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">Net installer, .zip or .tar.gz:</span> </dt><dd
class="description">Download from CTAN, under <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">systems/texlive/tlnet</span>; the url
<a
href="http://mirror.ctan.org/systems/texlive/tlnet" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">http://mirror.ctan.org/systems/texlive/tlnet</span></a> should redirect to a nearby, up-to-date,
mirror. You can retrieve either <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">install-tl.zip </span>which can be used under Unix and Windows, or
the considerably smaller <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">install-unx.tar.gz </span>for Unix only. After unpacking, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">install-tl </span>and
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">install-tl-windows.bat </span>will be in the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">install-tl </span>subdirectory.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">Net installer, Windows .exe:</span> </dt><dd
class="description">Download from CTAN as above, and double-click. This starts up a
first-stage installer and unpacker; see figure <a
href="#x1-15001r1">1<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:nsis --></a>. It gives two choices: “Install” and“Unpack only”.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">TeX Collection DVD:</span> </dt><dd
class="description">go to the DVD’s <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texlive </span>subdirectory. Under Windows, the installer
normally starts automatically when you insert the DVD. You can get the DVD by becoming
a member of a TeX user group (highly recommended, <a
href="https://tug.org/usergroups.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/usergroups.html</span></a>), or
purchasing it separately (<a
href="https://tug.org/store" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/store</span></a>), or burning your own from the ISO image.
You can also mount the ISO directly on most systems. After installing from DVD or ISO, if you
want to get continuing updates from the Internet, please see <a
href="#x1-330003.4.3">3.4.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:dvd-install-net-updates --></a>.
</dd></dl>
<figure class="figure">
<a
id="x1-15001r1"></a>
<!--l. 493--><p class="noindent" ><img
src="../texlive-common/../texlive-common/nsis_installer.png" alt="pict"
/>
</p>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 1:</span><span
class="content">First stage of Windows <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.exe </span>installer</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-15001r1 -->
</figure>
<!--l. 497--><p class="indent" > The same installer program is run, whatever the source. The most visible difference between the two is that
with the net installer, what you end up with is the packages that are currently available. This
is in contrast to the DVD and ISO images, which are not updated between the major public
releases.
</p><!--l. 503--><p class="indent" > If you need to download through proxies, use a <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">~/.wgetrc </span>file or environment variables with the proxy
settings for Wget (<a
href="https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/manual/html_node/Proxies.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/manual/html_node/Proxies.html</span></a>), or the
equivalent for whatever download program you are using. This does not matter if you are installing from the
DVD or ISO image.
</p><!--l. 509--><p class="indent" > The following sections explain installer start-up in more detail.
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.1 </span> <a
id="x1-160003.1.1"></a>Unix</h5>
<!--l. 513--><p class="noindent" >Below, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">> </span>denotes the shell prompt; user input is <span
class="ec-lmtk-10">bold</span>. The script <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">install-tl </span>is a Perl script. The simplest
way to start it on a Unix-compatible system is as follows: </p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">perl</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> /path/to/installer/install-tl</span>
</div>
</div> (Or you can invoke <span
class="ec-lmtk-10">/path/to/installer/install-tl </span>if it stayed executable, or <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">cd </span>to the directory first, etc.;
we won’t repeat all the variations.) You may have to enlarge your terminal window so that it shows the full
text installer screen (figure <a
href="#x1-18061r2">2<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:text-main --></a>).
<!--l. 526--><p class="indent" > To install in GUI mode (figure <a
href="#x1-18063r4">4<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:advanced-lnx --></a>), you’ll need to have Tcl/Tk installed. Given that, you can run:
</p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">perl</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> install-tl</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> -gui</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 532--><p class="indent" > The old <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">wizard </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">perltk</span>/<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">expert </span>options are still available. These require the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">Perl::Tk </span>module
compiled with XFT support, which is generally no problem with GNU/Linux, but often is with other systems.
For a complete listing of the various options: </p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">perl</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> install-tl</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> -help</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 540--><p class="indent" > <span
class="ec-lmbx-10">About Unix permissions: </span>Your <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">umask </span>at the time of installation will be respected by the TeX Live
installer. Therefore, if you want your installation to be usable by users other than you, make sure your setting
is sufficiently permissive, for instance, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">umask 002</span>. For more information about <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">umask</span>, consult your system
documentation.
</p><!--l. 547--><p class="indent" > <span
class="ec-lmbx-10">Special considerations for Cygwin: </span>Unlike other Unix-compatible systems, Cygwin does not by default
include all of the prerequisite programs needed by the TeX Live installer. See section <a
href="#x1-190003.1.4">3.1.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:cygwin --></a>.
</p><!--l. 553--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.2 </span> <a
id="x1-170003.1.2"></a>Mac OS X</h5>
<!--l. 556--><p class="noindent" >As mentioned in section <a
href="#x1-90002.1">2.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tl-coll-dists --></a>, a separate distribution is prepared for Mac OS X, named
MacTeX (<a
href="https://tug.org/mactex" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/mactex</span></a>). We recommend using the native MacTeX installer instead of the TeX
Live installer on Mac OS X, because the native installer makes a few Mac-specific adjustments, in particular to
allow easily switching between the various TeX distributions for Mac OS X (MacTeX, Fink, MacPorts, …)
using the so-called TeXDist data structure.
</p><!--l. 564--><p class="indent" > MacTeX is firmly based on TeX Live, and the main TeX trees and binaries are precisely the same. It adds
a few extra folders with Mac-specific documentation and applications.
</p><!--l. 569--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.3 </span> <a
id="x1-180003.1.3"></a>Windows</h5>
<!--l. 571--><p class="noindent" >If you are using the unpacked downloaded zip file, or the DVD installer failed to start automatically,
double-click <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">install-tl-windows.bat</span>.
</p><!--l. 575--><p class="indent" > You can also start the installer from the command-prompt. Below, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">> </span>denotes the prompt; user input is
<span
class="ec-lmtk-10">bold</span>. If you are in the installer directory, run just: </p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">install-tl-windows</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 582--><p class="indent" > Or you can invoke it with an absolute location, such as: </p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">D:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">texlive</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">install-tl-windows</span>
</div>
</div> for the TeX Collection DVD, supposing that <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">D: </span>is the optical drive. Figure <a
href="#x1-18062r3">3<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:basic-w32 --></a> displays the initial basic screen
of the GUI installer, which is the default for Windows.
<!--l. 590--><p class="indent" > To install in text mode, use: </p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">install-tl-windows</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> -no-gui</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 595--><p class="indent" > For a complete listing of the various options: </p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">install-tl-windows</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> -help</span>
</div>
</div>
<figure class="figure">
<a
id="x1-18061r2"></a>
<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb1"><a
id="x1-18002r1"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">Installing</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> TeX</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> Live</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> 2020</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> from:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ...</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18004r2"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">Platform:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64-linux</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> =></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ’GNU/Linux</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64’</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18006r3"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">Distribution:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> inst</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (compressed)</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18008r4"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">Directory</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> for</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> temporary</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> files:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> /tmp</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18010r5"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">...</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18012r6"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> Detected</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> platform:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> GNU/Linux</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> Intel</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18014r7"></a>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18016r8"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> <B></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> binary</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> platforms:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> 1</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> out</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> of</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> 16</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18018r9"></a><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18020r10"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> <S></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> set</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> installation</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme-full</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18022r11"></a><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18024r12"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> <C></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> customizing</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> installation</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> collections</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18026r13"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> 40</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> collections</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> out</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> of</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> 41,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> disk</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> space</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> required:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> 6536</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> MB</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18028r14"></a><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18030r15"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> <D></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> directories:</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18032r16"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> TEXDIR</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (the</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> main</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> TeX</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> directory):</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18034r17"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> /usr/local/texlive/2020</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18036r18"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ...</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18038r19"></a><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18040r20"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> <O></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> options:</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18042r21"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> use</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> letter</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> size</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> instead</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> of</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> A4</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> by</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> default</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18044r22"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ...</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18046r23"></a><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18048r24"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> <V></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> set</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> up</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> for</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> portable</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> installation</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18050r25"></a>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18052r26"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">Actions:</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18054r27"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> <I></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> start</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> installation</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> to</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> hard</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> disk</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18056r28"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> <P></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> save</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> installation</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> profile</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> to</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ’texlive.profile’</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> and</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> exit</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18058r29"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> <H></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> help</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-18060r30"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> <Q></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> quit</span></div>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 2:</span><span
class="content">Main text installer screen (GNU/Linux)</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-18061r2 -->
</figure>
<figure class="figure">
<a
id="x1-18062r3"></a>
<!--l. 638--><p class="noindent" ><img
src="../texlive-common/../texlive-common/basic-w32.png" alt="pict"
/>
</p>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 3:</span><span
class="content">Basic installer screen (Windows); the Advanced button will result in something like figure <a
href="#x1-18063r4">4<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:advanced-lnx --></a></span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-18062r3 -->
</figure>
<figure class="figure">
<a
id="x1-18063r4"></a>
<!--l. 644--><p class="noindent" ><img
src="../texlive-common/../texlive-common/advanced-lnx.png" alt="pict"
/>
</p>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 4:</span><span
class="content">Advanced GUI installer screen (GNU/Linux)</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-18063r4 -->
</figure>
<!--l. 650--><p class="indent" > <a id="cygwin"></a>
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.4 </span> <a
id="x1-190003.1.4"></a>Cygwin</h5>
<!--l. 654--><p class="noindent" >Before beginning the installation, use Cygwin’s <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">setup.exe </span>program to install the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">perl </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">wget</span>
packages if you have not already done so. The following additional packages are recommended:
</p>
<ul class="itemize1">
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">fontconfig </span>[needed by XeTeX and LuaTeX]
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ghostscript </span>[needed by various utilities]
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">libXaw7 </span>[needed by <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">xdvi</span>]
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ncurses </span>[provides the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">clear </span>command used by the installer]</li></ul>
<!--l. 666--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.5 </span> <a
id="x1-200003.1.5"></a>The text installer</h5>
<!--l. 668--><p class="noindent" >Figure <a
href="#x1-18061r2">2<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:text-main --></a> displays the main text mode screen under Unix. The text installer is the default on
Unix.
</p><!--l. 671--><p class="indent" > This is only a command-line installer; there is no cursor support at all. For instance, you cannot
tab around checkboxes or input fields. You just type something (case-sensitive) at the prompt
and press the Enter key, and then the entire terminal screen will be rewritten, with adjusted
content.
</p><!--l. 677--><p class="indent" > The text installer interface is this primitive in order to make it run on as many platforms as possible, even
with a minimal Perl.
</p><!--l. 680--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.6 </span> <a
id="x1-210003.1.6"></a>The graphical installer</h5>
<!--l. 683--><p class="noindent" >The default graphical installer starts out simple, with just a few options; see figure <a
href="#x1-18062r3">3<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:basic-w32 --></a>. It can be started with
</p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">install-tl</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> -gui</span>
</div>
</div> The Advanced button gives access to most of the options of the text installer; see figure <a
href="#x1-18063r4">4<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:advanced-lnx --></a>.
<!--l. 691--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.7 </span> <a
id="x1-220003.1.7"></a>The legacy installers</h5>
<!--l. 693--><p class="noindent" >The <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">perltk</span>/<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">expert </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">wizard </span>modes are still available for systems with have Perl/Tk installed. These can
be specified with <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-gui=perltk </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-gui=wizard </span>arguments respectively.
</p><!--l. 698--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.2 </span> <a
id="x1-230003.2"></a>Running the installer</h4>
<!--l. 701--><p class="noindent" >The installer is intended to be mostly self-explanatory, but following are a few notes about the various options
and submenus.
</p><!--l. 704--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.2.1 </span> <a
id="x1-240003.2.1"></a>Binary systems menu (Unix only)</h5>
<figure class="figure">
<a
id="x1-24037r5"></a>
<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb2"><a
id="x1-24002r1"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">Available</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> platforms:</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-24004r2"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">===============================================================================</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-24006r3"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> a</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> Cygwin</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> Intel</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (i386-cygwin)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-24008r4"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> b</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> Cygwin</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (x86_64-cygwin)</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-24010r5"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> c</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> MacOSX</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> current</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (10.13-)</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (x86_64-darwin)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-24012r6"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> d</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> MacOSX</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> legacy</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (10.6-)</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (x86_64-darwinlegacy)</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-24014r7"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> e</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> FreeBSD</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (amd64-freebsd)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-24016r8"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> f</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> FreeBSD</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> Intel</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (i386-freebsd)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-24018r9"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> g</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> GNU/Linux</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ARM64</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (aarch64-linux)</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-24020r10"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> h</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> GNU/Linux</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ARMv6/RPi</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (armhf-linux)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-24022r11"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> i</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> GNU/Linux</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> Intel</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (i386-linux)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-24024r12"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> j</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [X]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> GNU/Linux</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (x86_64-linux)</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-24026r13"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> k</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> GNU/Linux</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> with</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> musl</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (x86_64-linuxmusl)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-24028r14"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> l</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> NetBSD</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (amd64-netbsd)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-24030r15"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> m</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> NetBSD</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> Intel</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (i386-netbsd)</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-24032r16"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> o</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> Solaris</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> Intel</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (i386-solaris)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-24034r17"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> p</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> Solaris</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (x86_64-solaris)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-24036r18"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> s</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> Windows</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (win32)</span></div>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 5:</span><span
class="content">Binaries menu</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-24037r5 -->
</figure>
<!--l. 732--><p class="indent" > Figure <a
href="#x1-24037r5">5<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:bin-text --></a> displays the text mode binaries menu. By default, only the binaries for your current platform will
be installed. From this menu, you can select installation of binaries for other platforms as well. This can be
useful if you are sharing a TeX tree across a network of heterogeneous machines, or for a dual-boot
system.
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.2.2 </span> <a
id="x1-250003.2.2"></a>Selecting what is to be installed</h5>
<figure class="figure">
<a
id="x1-25025r6"></a>
<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb3"><a
id="x1-25002r1"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">Select</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme:</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-25004r2"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">===============================================================================</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-25006r3"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> a</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [X]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> full</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (everything)</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-25008r4"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> b</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> medium</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (small</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> +</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> more</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> packages</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> and</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> languages)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-25010r5"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> c</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> small</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (basic</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> +</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> xetex,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> metapost,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> a</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> few</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> languages)</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-25012r6"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> d</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> basic</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (plain</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> and</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> latex)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-25014r7"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> e</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> minimal</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (plain</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> only)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-25016r8"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> f</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ConTeXt</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-25018r9"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> g</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> GUST</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> TeX</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> Live</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-25020r10"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> h</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> infrastructure-only</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (no</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> TeX</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> at</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> all)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-25022r11"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> i</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> teTeX</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> (more</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> than</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> medium,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> but</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> nowhere</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> near</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> full)</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-25024r12"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> j</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> custom</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> selection</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> of</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> collections</span></div>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 6:</span><span
class="content">Scheme menu</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-25025r6 -->
</figure>
<!--l. 761--><p class="indent" > Figure <a
href="#x1-25025r6">6<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:scheme-text --></a> displays the TeX Live scheme menu; from here, you choose a “scheme”, which is an overall set of
package collections. The default <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">full </span>scheme installs everything available. This is recommended, but you can
also choose the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">basic </span>scheme for just plain and LaTeX, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">small </span>for a few more programs (equivalent
to the so-called BasicTeX installation of MacTeX), <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">minimal </span>for testing purposes, and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">medium</span>
or <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">teTeX </span>to get something in between. There are also various specialized and country-specific
schemes.
</p>
<figure class="figure">
<a
id="x1-25026r7"></a>
<!--l. 772--><p class="noindent" ><img
src="../texlive-common/../texlive-common/stdcoll.png" alt="pict"
/>
</p>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 7:</span><span
class="content">Collections menu</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-25026r7 -->
</figure>
<!--l. 776--><p class="indent" > You can refine your scheme selection with the ‘collections’ menu (figure <a
href="#x1-25026r7">7<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:collections-gui --></a>, shown in GUI mode for a
change).
</p><!--l. 779--><p class="indent" > Collections are one level more detailed than schemes — in essence, a scheme consists of several collections, a
collection consists of one or more packages, and a package (the lowest level grouping in TeX Live) contains the
actual TeX macro files, font files, and so on.
</p><!--l. 784--><p class="indent" > If you want more control than the collection menus provide, you can use the TeX Live Manager (<span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span>)
program after installation (see section <a
href="#x1-430005">5<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tlmgr --></a>); using that, you can control the installation at the package
level.
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.2.3 </span> <a
id="x1-260003.2.3"></a>Directories</h5>
<!--l. 792--><p class="noindent" >The default layout is described in section <a
href="#x1-110002.3">2.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:texmftrees --></a>, p. <a
href="#x1-110002.3">8<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:texmftrees --></a>. The default installation directory is <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/usr/local/texlive/2020</span>
on Unix and <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">%SystemDrive%\texlive\2020</span></span></span> on Windows. This arrangement enables having many parallel TeX
Live installations, such as one for each release (typically by year, as here), and you can switch between them
merely by altering your search path.
</p><!--l. 800--><p class="indent" > That installation directory can be overridden by setting the so-called <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXDIR </span>in the installer. The
GUI screen for this and other options is shown in figure <a
href="#x1-18063r4">4<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:advanced-lnx --></a>. The most common reasons to change it are either
lacking enough disk space in that partition (the full TeX Live needs several gigabytes), or lacking write
permission for the default location (you don’t have to be root or administrator to install TeX Live, but you do
need write access to the target directory).
</p><!--l. 808--><p class="indent" > The installation directories can also be changed by setting a variety of environment variables before running
the installer (most likely, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXLIVE_INSTALL_PREFIX </span>or <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXLIVE_INSTALL_TEXDIR</span>); see the documentation
from <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">install-tl</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> --help</span></span></span> (available online at <a
href="https://tug.org/texlive/doc/install-tl.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/doc/install-tl.html</span></a>) for the full
list and more details.
</p><!--l. 816--><p class="indent" > A reasonable alternative destination is a directory under your home, especially if you will be the sole user.
Use ‘<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">~</span></span></span>’ to indicate this, as in ‘<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">~/texlive/2020</span></span></span>’.
</p><!--l. 820--><p class="indent" > We recommend including the year in the name, to enable keeping different releases of TeX Live side by side.
(You may wish to also maintain a version-independent name, such as <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/usr/local/texlive-cur</span>, via a
symbolic link, which you can then repoint after testing the new release.)
</p><!--l. 825--><p class="indent" > Changing <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXDIR </span>in the installer will also change <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFLOCAL</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSVAR </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSCONFIG</span>.
</p><!--l. 829--><p class="indent" > <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFHOME </span>is the recommended location for personal macro files or packages. The default value is <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">~/texmf</span></span></span>
(<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">~/Library/texmf</span></span></span> on Macs). In contrast to <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXDIR</span>, here a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">~</span></span></span> is preserved in the newly-written configuration
files, since it usefully refers to the home directory of the user running TeX. It expands to <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$HOME </span>on Unix and
<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">%USERPROFILE%</span></span></span> on Windows. Special redundant note: <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFHOME</span>, like all trees, must be organized according to
the TDS, or files may not be found.
</p><!--l. 838--><p class="indent" > <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFVAR </span>is the location for storing most cached runtime data specific to each user. <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFCACHE </span>is the
variable name used for that purpose by LuaLaTeXand ConTeXt MkIV (see section <a
href="#x1-350003.4.5">3.4.5<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:context-mkiv --></a>, p. <a
href="#x1-350003.4.5">42<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:context-mkiv --></a>); its default
value is <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSVAR</span>, or (if that’s not writable), <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFVAR</span>.
</p><!--l. 846--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.2.4 </span> <a
id="x1-270003.2.4"></a>Options</h5>
<figure class="figure">
<a
id="x1-27025r8"></a>
<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb4"><a
id="x1-27002r1"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">Options</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> customization:</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-27004r2"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">===============================================================================</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-27006r3"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> <P></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> use</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> letter</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> size</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> instead</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> of</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> A4</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> by</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> default:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-27008r4"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> <E></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> execution</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> of</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> restricted</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> list</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> of</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> programs:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [X]</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-27010r5"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> <F></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> create</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> all</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> format</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> files:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [X]</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-27012r6"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> <D></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> install</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> font/macro</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> doc</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> tree:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [X]</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-27014r7"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> <S></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> install</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> font/macro</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> source</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> tree:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [X]</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-27016r8"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> <L></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> create</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> symlinks</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> in</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> standard</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> directories:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-27018r9"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> binaries</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> to:</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-27020r10"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> manpages</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> to:</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-27022r11"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> info</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> to:</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-27024r12"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> <Y></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> after</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> install,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> set</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> CTAN</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> as</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> source</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> for</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> package</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> updates:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> [X]</span></div>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 8:</span><span
class="content">Options menu (Unix)</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-27025r8 -->
</figure>
<!--l. 868--><p class="indent" > Figure <a
href="#x1-27025r8">8<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:options-text --></a> shows the text mode options menu. More info on each:
</p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">use letter size instead of A4 by default:</span> </dt><dd
class="description">The default paper size selection. Of course, individual
documents can and should specify a specific paper size, if desired.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">execution of restricted list of programs:</span> </dt><dd
class="description">As of TeX Live 2010, execution of a few external
programs is allowed by default. The (very short) list of allowed programs is given in the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf</span>.
See the 2010 news (section <a
href="#x1-780009.1.7">9.1.7<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:2010news --></a>) for more details.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">create all format files:</span> </dt><dd
class="description">Although unnecessary format files take time to generate and disk space to
store, it is still recommended to leave this option checked: if you don’t, then format files will be
generated in people’s private <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFVAR </span>tree as they are needed. In that location, they will not be
updated automatically if (for example) core packages or hyphenation patterns are updated in the
installation, and thus you could end up with incompatible format files.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">install font/macro </span><span
class="ec-lmbx-10">…</span><span
class="ec-lmbx-10"> tree:</span> </dt><dd
class="description">Download/install the documentation and source files included in most
packages. Unchecking is not recommended.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">create symlinks in standard directories:</span> </dt><dd
class="description">This option (Unix only) bypasses the need to change
environment variables. Without this option, TeX Live directories usually have to be added to <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">PATH</span>,
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">MANPATH </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">INFOPATH</span>. You will need write permissions to the target directories. This option is
intended for accessing the TeX system through directories that are already known to users, such
as <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/usr/local/bin</span>, which don’t already contain any TeX files. Do not overwrite existing files on
your system with this option, e.g., by specifying system directories. The safest and recommended
approach is to leave the option unchecked.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">after install, set CTAN as source for package updates:</span> </dt><dd
class="description">When installing from DVD, this option
is enabled by default, since usually one wants to take any subsequent package updates from the
CTAN area that is updated throughout the year. The only likely reason to disable it is if you
install only a subset from the DVD and plan to augment the installation later. In any case, the
package repository for the installer, and for updates after installation, can be set independently
as needed; see section <a
href="#x1-290003.3.1">3.3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:location --></a> and section <a
href="#x1-330003.4.3">3.4.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:dvd-install-net-updates --></a>.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 915--><p class="noindent" >Windows-specific options, as displayed in the advanced Perl/Tk interface:
</p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">adjust PATH setting in registry</span> </dt><dd
class="description">This ensures that all programs will see the TeX Live binary
directory on their search path.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">add menu shortcuts</span> </dt><dd
class="description">If set, there will be a TeX Live submenu of the Start menu. There is a third
option ‘Launcher entry’ besides ‘TeX Live menu’ and ‘No shortcuts’. This option is described in
section <a
href="#x1-410004.1">4.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:sharedinstall --></a>.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">change file associations</span> </dt><dd
class="description">The options are ‘Only new’ (create file associations, but do not overwrite
existing ones), ‘All’ and ‘None’.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">install TeXworks front end</span> </dt><dd
class="description"></dd></dl>
<!--l. 932--><p class="noindent" >When all the settings are to your liking, you can type ‘I’ in the text interface, or press the ‘Install TeX Live’
button in the Perl/Tk GUI, to start the installation process. When it is done, skip to section <a
href="#x1-300003.4">3.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:postinstall --></a> to read what
else needs to be done, if anything.
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.3 </span> <a
id="x1-280003.3"></a>Command-line install-tl options</h4>
<!--l. 941--><p class="noindent" >Type </p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">install-tl</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> -help</span>
</div>
</div> for a listing of command-line options. Either <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-</span></span></span> or <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">--</span></span></span> can be used to introduce option names. These are the
most common ones:
<!--l. 948--><p class="noindent" >
</p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-gui</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 949--><p class="noindent" >Use the GUI installer if possible. This requires Tcl/Tk version 8.5 or higher. This
is the case on Mac OS X and is distributed with TeX Live on Windows. The legacy
options <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-gui=perltk </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-gui=wizard </span>are still available and require the Perl/Tk module
(<a
href="https://tug.org/texlive/distro.html#perltk" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/distro.html#perltk</span></a>) compiled with XFT support; if Tcl/Tk and
Perl/Tk are not available, installation continues in text mode.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-no-gui</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 958--><p class="noindent" >Force using the text mode installer.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-lang </span><span
class="ec-lmro-10">LL</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 960--><p class="noindent" >Specify the installer interface language as a standard (usually two-letter) code. The installer tries
to automatically determine the right language but if it fails, or if the right language is not available,
then it uses English as a fallback. Run <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">install-tl</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> --help</span></span></span> to get the list of available languages.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-portable</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 967--><p class="noindent" >Install for portable use on, e.g., a USB stick. Also selectable from within the text installer with
the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">V </span>command, and from the GUI installer. See section <a
href="#x1-420004.2">4.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:portable-tl --></a>.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-profile </span><span
class="ec-lmro-10">file</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 972--><p class="noindent" >Load the installation profile <span
class="ec-lmro-10">file </span>and do the installation with no user interaction. The installer
always writes a file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texlive.profile </span>to the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlpkg </span>subdirectory of your installation. That file can
be given as the argument to redo the exact same installation on a different system, for example.
Alternatively, you can use a custom profile, most easily created by starting from a generated one
and changing values, or an empty file, which will take all the defaults.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-repository </span><span
class="ec-lmro-10">url-or-directory</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 981--><p class="noindent" >Specify package repository from which to install; see following.
</p><!--l. 984--><p class="noindent" ><a id="opt-in-place"></a>
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-in-place</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 985--><p class="noindent" >(Documented only for completeness: Do not use this unless you know what you
are doing.) If you already have an rsync, svn, or other copy of TeX Live (see
<a
href="https://tug.org/texlive/acquire-mirror.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/acquire-mirror.html</span></a>) then this option will use what you’ve got,
as-is, and do only the necessary post-install. Be warned that the file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlpkg/texlive.tlpdb </span>may
be overwritten; saving it is your responsibility. Also, package removal has to be done manually.
This option cannot be toggled via the installer interface.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 997--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.3.1 </span> <a
id="x1-290003.3.1"></a>The <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-repository </span>option</h5>
<!--l. 1000--><p class="noindent" >The default network package repository is a CTAN mirror chosen automatically via <a
href="http://mirror.ctan.org" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">http://mirror.ctan.org</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 1003--><p class="indent" > If you want to override that, the location value can be a url starting with <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ftp:</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">http:</span>, or <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">file:/</span>, or a
plain directory path. (When giving an <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">http:</span> or <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ftp:</span> location, trailing ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/</span>’ characters and/or a trailing
‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/tlpkg</span>’ component are ignored.)
</p><!--l. 1009--><p class="indent" > For example, you could choose a particular CTAN mirror with something like:
<a
href="http://ctan.example.org/tex-archive/systems/texlive/tlnet/" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">http://ctan.example.org/tex-archive/systems/texlive/tlnet/</span></a>, substituting a real hostname and its
particular top-level CTAN path for <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ctan.example.org/tex-archive</span></span></span>. The list of CTAN mirrors is
maintained at <a
href="https://ctan.org/mirrors" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://ctan.org/mirrors</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 1015--><p class="indent" > If the given argument is local (either a path or a <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">file:/ </span>url), compressed files in an <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">archive </span>subdirectory
of the repository path are used (even if uncompressed files are available as well).
</p><!--l. 1020--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4 </span> <a
id="x1-300003.4"></a>Post-install actions</h4>
<!--l. 1023--><p class="noindent" >Some post-installation may be required.
</p><!--l. 1025--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.1 </span> <a
id="x1-310003.4.1"></a>Environment variables for Unix</h5>
<!--l. 1028--><p class="noindent" >If you elected to create symlinks in standard directories (described in section <a
href="#x1-270003.2.4">3.2.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:options --></a>), then there is no
need to edit environment variables. Otherwise, on Unix systems, the directory of the binaries
for your platform must be added to the search path. (On Windows, the installer takes care of
this.)
</p><!--l. 1034--><p class="indent" > Each supported platform has its own subdirectory under <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXDIR/bin</span>. See figure <a
href="#x1-24037r5">5<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:bin-text --></a> for the list of
subdirectories and corresponding platforms.
</p><!--l. 1038--><p class="indent" > Optionally, you can also add the documentation man and Info directories to their respective search paths, if
you want the system tools to find them. The man pages might be found automatically after the addition to
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">PATH</span>.
</p><!--l. 1043--><p class="indent" > For Bourne-compatible shells such as <span
class="ec-lmss-10">bash</span>, and using Intel x86 GNU/Linux and a default directory setup as
an example, the file to edit might be <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$HOME/.profile </span>(or another file sourced by <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.profile</span>), and the lines to
add would look like this:
</p><!--l. 1048--><p class="indent" >
</p>
<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb5"><a
id="x1-31002r1"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">PATH=/usr/local/texlive/2020/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH;</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> export</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> PATH</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-31004r2"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">MANPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH;</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> export</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> MANPATH</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-31006r3"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">INFOPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH;</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> export</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> INFOPATH</span></div>
<!--l. 1054--><p class="indent" > For csh or tcsh, the file to edit is typically <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$HOME/.cshrc</span>, and the lines to add might look
like:
</p><!--l. 1057--><p class="indent" >
</p>
<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb6"><a
id="x1-31008r1"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">setenv</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> PATH</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texlive/2020/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-31010r2"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">setenv</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> MANPATH</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-31012r3"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">setenv</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> INFOPATH</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH</span></div>
<!--l. 1063--><p class="indent" > If you already have settings somewhere in your “dot” files, naturally the TeX Live directories should be
merged in as appropriate.
</p><!--l. 1067--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.2 </span> <a
id="x1-320003.4.2"></a>Environment variables: Global configuration</h5>
<!--l. 1070--><p class="noindent" >If you want to make these changes globally, or for a user newly added to the system, then you are on
your own; there is just too much variation between systems in how and where these things are
configured.
</p><!--l. 1074--><p class="indent" > Our two hints are: 1) you may want to check for a file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/etc/manpath.config </span>and, if present, add lines
such as
</p><!--l. 1077--><p class="indent" >
</p>
<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb7"><a
id="x1-32002r1"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">MANPATH_MAP</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texlive/2020/bin/x86_64-linux</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> \</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-32004r2"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/man</span></div>
<!--l. 1082--><p class="indent" > And 2) check for a file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/etc/environment </span>which may define the search path and other default environment
variables.
</p><!--l. 1085--><p class="indent" > In each (Unix) binary directory, we also create a symbolic link named <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">man </span>to the directory
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-dist/doc/man</span>. Some <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">man </span>programs, such as the standard Mac OS X <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">man</span>, will automatically find that,
obviating the need for any man page setup.
</p><!--l. 1091--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.3 </span> <a
id="x1-330003.4.3"></a>Internet updates after DVD installation</h5>
<!--l. 1094--><p class="noindent" >If you installed TeX Live from DVD and then wish to get updates from the Internet, you need to run this
command—<span
class="ec-lmri-10">after </span>you’ve updated your search path (as described in the previous section):
</p>
<div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">tlmgr</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> option</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> repository</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> http://mirror.ctan.org/systems/texlive/tlnet</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 1102--><p class="indent" > This tells <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>to use a nearby CTAN mirror for future updates. This is done by default when installing
from DVD, via the option described in section <a
href="#x1-270003.2.4">3.2.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:options --></a>.
</p><!--l. 1106--><p class="indent" > If there are problems with the automatic mirror selection, you can specify a particular CTAN mirror from
the list at <a
href="https://ctan.org/mirrors" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://ctan.org/mirrors</span></a>. Use the exact path to the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlnet </span>subdir on that mirror, as shown
above.
</p><!--l. 1112--><p class="indent" > <a id="xetexfontconfig"></a> <a id="sysfontconfig"></a>
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.4 </span> <a
id="x1-340003.4.4"></a>System font configuration for XeTeX and LuaTeX</h5>
<!--l. 1117--><p class="noindent" >XeTeX and LuaTeX can use any font installed on the system, not just those in the TeX trees. They do these
via related but not identical methods.
</p><!--l. 1121--><p class="indent" > On Windows, fonts shipped with TeX Live are automatically made available to XeTeX by font name. On
Mac OS X, supporting font name lookups requires additional steps; please see the MacTeX web pages
(<a
href="https://tug.org/mactex" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/mactex</span></a>). For other Unix systems, the procedure to be able to find the fonts shipped with
TeX Live via font name follows.
</p><!--l. 1127--><p class="indent" > To facilitate this, when the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">xetex </span>package is installed (either at initial installation or later), the necessary
configuration file is created in <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSVAR/fonts/conf/texlive-fontconfig.conf</span>.
</p><!--l. 1132--><p class="indent" > To set up the TeX Live fonts for system-wide use (assuming you have suitable privileges), proceed as
follows:
</p><ol class="enumerate1" >
<li
class="enumerate" id="x1-34002x1">Copy the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texlive-fontconfig.conf </span>file to <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/etc/fonts/conf.d/09-texlive.conf</span>.
</li>
<li
class="enumerate" id="x1-34004x2">Run <span
class="ec-lmtk-10">fc-cache -fsv</span>.</li></ol>
<!--l. 1140--><p class="indent" > If you do not have sufficient privileges to carry out the steps above, or if you want to make the TeX Live
fonts available to only one user, you can do the following:
</p><ol class="enumerate1" >
<li
class="enumerate" id="x1-34006x1">Copy the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texlive-fontconfig.conf </span>file to <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">~/.fonts.conf</span>, where <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">~ </span>is your home directory.
</li>
<li
class="enumerate" id="x1-34008x2">Run <span
class="ec-lmtk-10">fc-cache -fv</span>.</li></ol>
<!--l. 1149--><p class="indent" > You can run <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">fc-list </span>to see the names of the system fonts. The incantation <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">fc-list : family style</span>
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">file spacing </span>(all arguments are literal strings) shows some generally interesting information.
</p><!--l. 1154--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.5 </span> <a
id="x1-350003.4.5"></a>ConTeXt Mark IV</h5>
<!--l. 1157--><p class="noindent" >Both the ‘old’ ConTeXt (Mark II) and the ‘new’ ConTeXt (Mark IV) should run out of the box after TeX
Live installation, and should need no special attention as long as you stick to using <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr</span></span></span> for
updates.
</p><!--l. 1162--><p class="indent" > However, because ConTeXt MkIV does not use the kpathsea library, some setup will be required whenever
you install new files manually (without using <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr</span></span></span>). After each such installation, each MkIV user must
run:
</p>
<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb8"><a
id="x1-35002r1"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">context</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> --generate</span></div>
<!--l. 1169--><p class="noindent" >to refresh the ConTeXt disk cache data. The resulting files are stored under <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFCACHE</span>, whose default value in
TeX Live is <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSVAR;TEXMFVAR</span></span></span>.
</p><!--l. 1173--><p class="indent" > ConTeXt MkIV will read from all paths mentioned in <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFCACHE</span></span></span>, and write to the first path that is
writable. While reading, the last found match will take precedence in the case of duplicated cache
data.
</p><!--l. 1178--><p class="indent" > For more information, see <a
href="https://wiki.contextgarden.net/Running_Mark_IV" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://wiki.contextgarden.net/Running_Mark_IV</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 1182--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.6 </span> <a
id="x1-360003.4.6"></a>Integrating local and personal macros</h5>
<!--l. 1185--><p class="noindent" >This is already mentioned implicitly in section <a
href="#x1-110002.3">2.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:texmftrees --></a>: <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFLOCAL </span>(by default, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local</span>
or <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">%SystemDrive%\texlive\texmf-local</span></span></span> on Windows) is intended for system-wide local fonts and macros;
and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFHOME </span>(by default, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$HOME/texmf </span>or <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">%USERPROFILE%\texmf</span></span></span>), is for personal fonts and macros. These
directories are intended to stick around from release to release, and have their content seen automatically by a
new TeX Live release. Therefore, it is best to refrain from changing the definition of <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFLOCAL </span>to
be too far away from the main TeX Live directory, or you will need to manually change future
releases.
</p><!--l. 1198--><p class="indent" > For both trees, files should be placed in their proper TeX Directory Structure (TDS) subdirectories; see
<a
href="https://tug.org/tds" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/tds</span></a> or consult <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-dist/web2c/texmf.cnf</span>. For instance, a LaTeX class file or
package should be placed in <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFLOCAL/tex/latex </span>or <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFHOME/tex/latex</span>, or a subdirectory
thereof.
</p><!--l. 1204--><p class="indent" > <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFLOCAL </span>requires an up-to-date filename database, or files will not be found. You can update it with the
command <span
class="ec-lmss-10">mktexlsr </span>or use the ‘Reinit file database’ button on the configuration tab of the TeX Live Manager
GUI.
</p><!--l. 1209--><p class="indent" > By default, each of these variables is defined to be a single directory, as shown. This is not a hard-and-fast
requirement. If you need to easily switch back and forth between different versions of large packages, for
example, you can maintain multiple trees for your own purposes. This is done by setting <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFHOME </span>to the list
of directories, within braces, separated by commas:
</p>
<div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-1">
<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb9"><a
id="x1-36002r1"></a> TEXMFHOME = {/my/dir1,/mydir2,/a/third/dir}</div>
</div>
<!--l. 1218--><p class="nopar" >
</p><!--l. 1220--><p class="indent" > Section <a
href="#x1-590007.1.5">7.1.5<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:brace-expansion --></a> describes brace expansion further.
</p><!--l. 1223--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.7 </span> <a
id="x1-370003.4.7"></a>Integrating third-party fonts</h5>
<!--l. 1225--><p class="noindent" >This is unfortunately a messy topic. Forget about it unless you want to delve into many details of the TeX
installation. Many fonts are included in TeX Live already, so take a look if you don’t already know that what
you want isn’t there.
</p><!--l. 1230--><p class="indent" > A possible alternative is to use XeTeX or LuaTeX (see section <a
href="#x1-120002.4">2.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tex-extensions --></a>), which let you use operating system
fonts without any installation in TeX.
</p><!--l. 1234--><p class="indent" > If you do need to do this, see <a
href="https://tug.org/fonts/fontinstall.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/fonts/fontinstall.html</span></a> for our best effort at describing
the procedure.
</p><!--l. 1239--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.5 </span> <a
id="x1-380003.5"></a>Testing the installation</h4>
<!--l. 1242--><p class="noindent" >After installing TeX Live, you naturally want to test it out, so you can start creating beautiful documents and/
or fonts.
</p><!--l. 1245--><p class="indent" > One thing you may immediately be looking for is a front-end with which to edit files. TeX Live installs
TeXworks (<a
href="https://tug.org/texworks" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texworks</span></a>) on Windows (only), and MacTeX installs TeXShop
(<a
href="https://pages.uoregon.edu/koch/texshop" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://pages.uoregon.edu/koch/texshop</span></a>). On other Unix systems, it’s left up to you to choose an
editor. There are many choices available, some of which are listed in the next section; see also
<a
href="https://tug.org/interest.html#editors" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/interest.html#editors</span></a>. Any plain text editor will work; something TeX-specific is not
required.
</p><!--l. 1254--><p class="indent" > The rest of this section gives some basic procedures for testing that the new system is functional. We give
Unix commands here; under Mac OS X and Windows, you’re more likely to run the tests through a graphical
interface, but the principles are the same.
</p><!--l. 1259--><p class="indent" >
</p><ol class="enumerate1" >
<li
class="enumerate" id="x1-38002x1">Make sure that you can run the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tex </span>program in the first place: <div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">tex</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> --version</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TeX</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> 3.14159265</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (TeX</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Live</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ...)</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">Copyright</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ...</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> D.E.</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Knuth.</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">...</span>
</div>
</div> If this comes back with ‘command not found’ instead of version and copyright information, or with an
older version, most likely you don’t have the correct <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">bin </span>subdirectory in your <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">PATH</span>. See the
environment-setting information on p. <a
href="#x1-310003.4.1">40<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:env --></a>.
</li>
<li
class="enumerate" id="x1-38004x2">Process a basic LaTeX file: <div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">latex</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> sample2e.tex</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">This</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> is</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> pdfTeX</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> 3.14...</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">...</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">Output</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> written</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> sample2e.dvi</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (3</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> pages,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> 7484</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> bytes).</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">Transcript</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> written</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> sample2e.log.</span>
</div>
</div> If this fails to find <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">sample2e.tex </span>or other files, most likely you have interference from old environment
variables or configuration files; we recommend unsetting all TeX-related environment variables for a
start. (For a deep analysis, you can ask TeX to report on exactly what it is searching for, and finding; see
“Debugging actions” on page <a
href="#x1-660007.2.4">71<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:debugging --></a>.)
</li>
<li
class="enumerate" id="x1-38006x3">Preview the result online: <div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">xdvi</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> sample2e.dvi</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> #</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Unix</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">dviout</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> sample2e.dvi</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> #</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Windows</span>
</div>
</div> You should see a new window with a nice document explaining some of the basics of LaTeX. (Well worth
reading, by the way, if you’re new to TeX.) You do have to be running under X for <span
class="ec-lmss-10">xdvi </span>to work; if you’re
not, or your <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">DISPLAY </span>environment variable is set incorrectly, you’ll get an error ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">Can’t open</span>
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">display</span>’.
</li>
<li
class="enumerate" id="x1-38008x4">Create a PostScript file for printing or display: <div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">dvips</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> sample2e.dvi</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> -o</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> sample2e.ps</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li
class="enumerate" id="x1-38010x5">Create a PDF file instead of DVI; this processes the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.tex </span>file and writes PDF directly:
<div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">pdflatex</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> sample2e.tex</span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li
class="enumerate" id="x1-38012x6">Preview the PDF file: <div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">gv</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> sample2e.pdf</span>
<br />or:
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">xpdf</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> sample2e.pdf</span>
</div>
</div> Neither <span
class="ec-lmss-10">gv </span>nor <span
class="ec-lmss-10">xpdf </span>are included in TeX Live, so you must install them separately. See
<a
href="https://www.gnu.org/software/gv" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://www.gnu.org/software/gv</span></a> and <a
href="https://www.xpdfreader.com" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://www.xpdfreader.com</span></a>, respectively. There
are plenty of other PDF viewers, too. For Windows, we recommend trying Sumatra PDF
(<a
href="https://www.sumatrapdfreader.org/free-pdf-reader.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://www.sumatrapdfreader.org/free-pdf-reader.html</span></a>).
</li>
<li
class="enumerate" id="x1-38014x7">Standard test files you may find useful in addition to <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">sample2e.tex</span>:
<!--l. 1327--><p class="noindent" >
</p><dl class="list2"><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">small2e.tex</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1328--><p class="noindent" >A simpler document than <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">sample2e</span>, to reduce the input size if you’re having troubles.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">testpage.tex</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1330--><p class="noindent" >Test if your printer introduces any offsets.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">nfssfont.tex</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1331--><p class="noindent" >For printing font tables and tests.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">testfont.tex</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1332--><p class="noindent" >Also for font tables, but using plain TeX.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">story.tex</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1333--><p class="noindent" >The most canonical (plain) TeX test file of all. You must type ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\bye</span>’ to the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">* </span>prompt after
‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tex story.tex</span>’.</p></dd></dl>
</li>
<li
class="enumerate" id="x1-38016x8">If you have installed the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">xetex </span>package, you can test its access to system fonts as follows:
<div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">xetex</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> opentype-info.tex</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">This</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> is</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> XeTeX,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Version</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> 3.14</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">…</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">...</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">Output</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> written</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> opentype-info.pdf</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (1</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> page).</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">Transcript</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> written</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> opentype-info.log.</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 1348--><p class="noindent" >If you get an error message saying “Invalid fontname ‘Latin Modern Roman/ICU’…”, then you
need to configure your system so that the fonts shipped with TeX Live can be found. See
section <a
href="#x1-340003.4.4">3.4.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:font-conf-sys --></a>.
</p>
</li></ol>
<!--l. 1355--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.6 </span> <a
id="x1-390003.6"></a>Links for additional downloadable software</h4>
<!--l. 1357--><p class="noindent" >If you are new to TeX, or otherwise need help with actually writing TeX or LaTeX documents, please visit
<a
href="https://tug.org/begin.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/begin.html</span></a> for some introductory resources.
</p><!--l. 1361--><p class="indent" > Links for some other tools you may consider installing:
</p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">Ghostscript</span> </dt><dd
class="description"><a
href="https://ghostscript.com/" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://ghostscript.com/</span></a>
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">Perl</span> </dt><dd
class="description"><a
href="https://perl.org/" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://perl.org/</span></a> with supplementary packages from CPAN, <a
href="https://cpan.org/" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://cpan.org/</span></a>
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">ImageMagick</span> </dt><dd
class="description"><a
href="https://imagemagick.org" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://imagemagick.org</span></a>, for graphics processing and conversion
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">NetPBM</span> </dt><dd
class="description"><a
href="http://netpbm.sourceforge.net" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">http://netpbm.sourceforge.net</span></a>, also for graphics.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">TeX-oriented editors</span> </dt><dd
class="description">There is a wide choice, and it is a matter of the user’s taste. Here is a selection in
alphabetical order (a few here are for Windows only).
<ul class="itemize1">
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmss-10">GNU Emacs </span>is also available natively under Windows, see
<a
href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/emacs.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/emacs.html</span></a>.
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmss-10">Emacs with AucTeX </span>for Windows is available from CTAN. The AuCTeX home page is
<a
href="https://www.gnu.org/software/auctex" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://www.gnu.org/software/auctex</span></a>.
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmss-10">SciTE </span>is available from <a
href="https://www.scintilla.org/SciTE.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://www.scintilla.org/SciTE.html</span></a>.
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmss-10">Texmaker </span>is free software, available from <a
href="https://www.xm1math.net/texmaker" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://www.xm1math.net/texmaker</span></a>.
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmss-10">TeXstudio </span>started out as a fork of <span
class="ec-lmss-10">Texmaker </span>with additional features;
<a
href="https://texstudio.org/" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://texstudio.org/</span></a>.
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmss-10">TeXnicCenter </span>is free software, available from <a
href="https://www.texniccenter.org" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://www.texniccenter.org</span></a> and in the
proTeXt distribution.
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmss-10">TeXworks </span>is free software, available from <a
href="https://tug.org/texworks" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texworks</span></a> and installed as part
of TeX Live for Windows (only).
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmss-10">Vim </span>is free software, available from <a
href="https://www.vim.org" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://www.vim.org</span></a>.
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmss-10">WinEdt </span>is shareware available though <a
href="https://tug.org/winedt" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/winedt</span></a> or
<a
href="https://www.winedt.com" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://www.winedt.com</span></a>.
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmss-10">WinShell </span>is available from <a
href="https://www.winshell.de" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://www.winshell.de</span></a>.</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<!--l. 1396--><p class="noindent" >For a much longer list of packages and programs, see <a
href="https://tug.org/interest.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/interest.html</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 1400--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4 </span> <a
id="x1-400004"></a>Specialized installations</h3>
<!--l. 1402--><p class="noindent" >The previous sections described the basic installation process. Here we turn to some specialized
cases.
</p><!--l. 1405--><p class="indent" > <a id="tlsharedinstall"></a>
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.1 </span> <a
id="x1-410004.1"></a>Shared-user (or cross-machine) installations</h4>
<!--l. 1409--><p class="noindent" >TeX Live has been designed to be shared between different systems on a network. With a standard directory
layout, no hard paths are configured: the locations for files needed by TeX Live programs are found relative to
the programs. You can see this in the principal configuration file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFDIST/web2c/texmf.cnf</span>, which
contains lines such as
</p>
<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb10"><a
id="x1-41002r1"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">TEXMFROOT</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> =</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> $SELFAUTOPARENT</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-41004r2"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">...</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-41006r3"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">TEXMFDIST</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> =</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> $TEXMFROOT/texmf-dist</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-41008r4"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">...</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-41010r5"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">TEXMFLOCAL</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> =</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> $SELFAUTOGRANDPARENT/texmf-local</span></div>
<!--l. 1422--><p class="noindent" >This means that adding the directory for TeX Live executables for their platform to their search path is sufficient
to get a working setup.
</p><!--l. 1425--><p class="indent" > By the same token, you can also install TeX Live locally and then move the entire hierarchy afterwards to a
network location.
</p><!--l. 1428--><p class="indent" > For Windows, TeX Live includes a launcher <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlaunch</span>. Its main window contains menu entries and
buttons for various TeX-related programs and documentation, customizable via an <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ini </span>file. On first
use, it replicates the usual Windows-specific post-install, <span
class="ec-lmri-10">i.e.</span>, search path modification and file
associations, but only for the current user. Therefore, workstations with access to TeX Live on the local
network only need a menu shortcut for the launcher. See the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlaunch </span>manual (<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texdoc tlaunch</span>, or
<a
href="https://ctan.org/pkg/tlaunch" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://ctan.org/pkg/tlaunch</span></a>).
</p><!--l. 1439--><p class="indent" > <a id="tlportable"></a>
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.2 </span> <a
id="x1-420004.2"></a>Portable (USB) installations</h4>
<!--l. 1443--><p class="noindent" >The <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-portable </span>installer option (or <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">V </span>command in the text installer or corresponding GUI option)
creates a completely self-contained TeX Live installation under a common root and forgoes system
integration. You can create such an installation directly on a USB stick, or copy it to a USB stick
afterwards.
</p><!--l. 1449--><p class="indent" > To run TeX using this portable installation, you need to add the appropriate binary directory to the search
path during your terminal session, as usual.
</p><!--l. 1453--><p class="indent" > On Windows, you can double-click <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tl-tray-menu </span>at the root of the installation and create a temporary
‘tray menu’ offering a choice of a few common tasks, as shown in this screenshot:
</p><!--l. 1458--><p class="indent" > <img
src="../texlive-common/../texlive-common/tray-menu.png" alt="pict"
/>
</p><!--l. 1461--><p class="noindent" >The ‘More…’ entry explains how you can customize this menu.
</p><!--l. 1520--><p class="indent" > <a id="tlmgr"></a>
</p>
<h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5 </span> <a
id="x1-430005"></a><span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span>: Managing your installation</h3>
<figure class="figure">
<a
id="x1-43001r9"></a>
<!--l. 1525--><p class="noindent" ><img
src="../texlive-common/../texlive-common/tlshell-macos.png" alt="pict"
/>
</p>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 9:</span><span
class="content"><span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlshell </span>GUI, showing the Actions menu (Mac OS X)</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-43001r9 -->
</figure>
<figure class="figure">
<a
id="x1-43002r10"></a>
<!--l. 1531--><p class="noindent" ><img
src="../texlive-common/../texlive-common/tlcockpit-packages.png" alt="pict"
/>
</p>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 10:</span><span
class="content"><span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlcockpit </span>GUI for <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span></span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-43002r10 -->
</figure>
<figure class="figure">
<a
id="x1-43003r11"></a>
<!--l. 1537--><p class="noindent" ><img
src="../texlive-common/../texlive-common/tlmgr-gui.png" alt="pict"
/>
</p>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 11:</span><span
class="content">Legacy <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>GUI mode: main window, after ‘Load’</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-43003r11 -->
</figure>
<!--l. 1542--><p class="indent" > TeX Live includes a program named <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>for managing TeX Live after the initial installation. Its
capabilities include:
</p>
<ul class="itemize1">
<li class="itemize">installing, updating, backing up, restoring, and uninstalling individual packages, optionally taking
dependencies into account;
</li>
<li class="itemize">searching for and listing packages and their descriptions;
</li>
<li class="itemize">listing, adding, and removing platforms;
</li>
<li class="itemize">changing installation options such as paper size and source location (see section <a
href="#x1-290003.3.1">3.3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:location --></a>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 1554--><p class="indent" > <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span>’s functionality completely subsumes the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">texconfig </span>program. We still distribute and maintain <span
class="ec-lmss-10">texconfig</span>
for the sake of anyone used to its interface, but we recommend using <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>nowadays.
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.1 </span> <a
id="x1-440005.1"></a>GUI interfaces for <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span></h4>
<!--l. 1561--><p class="noindent" >TeX Live contains several GUI front-ends for <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span>. Two notable ones: (1) Figure <a
href="#x1-43001r9">9<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:tlshell --></a> shows <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlshell</span>, which is
written in Tcl/Tk and runs out of the box under Windows and Mac OS X; (2) Figure <a
href="#x1-43002r10">10<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:tlcockpit --></a> shows <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlcockpit</span>,
which requires Java version 8 or higher and JavaFX. Both are separate packages.
</p><!--l. 1567--><p class="indent" > <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>also has a native GUI mode (shown in figure <a
href="#x1-43003r11">11<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:tlmgr-gui --></a>), which is started with: </p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">tlmgr</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> -gui</span>
</div>
</div> However, this GUI extension requires Perl/Tk, which module is no longer included in TeX Live’s Perl
distribution for Windows.
<!--l. 1575--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.2 </span> <a
id="x1-450005.2"></a>Sample <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>command-line invocations</h4>
<!--l. 1577--><p class="noindent" >After the initial installation, you can update your system to the latest versions available with:
</p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">tlmgr</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> update</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> -all</span>
</div>
</div> If this makes you nervous, first try <div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">tlmgr</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> update</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> -all</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> -dry-run</span>
</div>
</div> or (less verbose): <div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">tlmgr</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> update</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> -list</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 1591--><p class="indent" > This more complex example adds a collection, for the engine XeTeX, from a local directory:
</p>
<div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">tlmgr</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> -repository</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> /local/mirror/tlnet</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> install</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> collection-xetex</span>
</div>
</div> It generates the following output (abridged):
<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb11"><a
id="x1-45002r1"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">install:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> collection-xetex</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45004r2"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">install:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> arabxetex</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45006r3"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">...</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45008r4"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">install:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> xetex</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45010r5"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">install:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> xetexconfig</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45012r6"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">install:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> xetex.i386-linux</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45014r7"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">running</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> post</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> install</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> action</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> for</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> xetex</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45016r8"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">install:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> xetex-def</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45018r9"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">...</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45020r10"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">running</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> mktexlsr</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45022r11"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">mktexlsr:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> Updating</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/ls-R...</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45024r12"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">...</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45026r13"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">running</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> fmtutil-sys</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> --missing</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45028r14"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">...</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45030r15"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">Transcript</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> written</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> xelatex.log.</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45032r16"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">fmtutil:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-var/web2c/xetex/xelatex.fmt</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> installed.</span></div>
<!--l. 1617--><p class="indent" > As you can see, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>installs dependencies, and takes care of any necessary post-install actions, including
updating the filename database and (re)generating formats. In the above, we generated new formats for
XeTeX.
</p><!--l. 1622--><p class="indent" > To describe a package (or collection or scheme): </p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">tlmgr</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> show</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> collection-latexextra</span>
</div>
</div> which produces output like this:
<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb12"><a
id="x1-45034r1"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">package:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> collection-latexextra</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45036r2"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">category:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> Collection</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45038r3"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">shortdesc:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> LaTeX</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> supplementary</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> packages</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45040r4"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">longdesc:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> A</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> very</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> large</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> collection</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> of</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> add-on</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> packages</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> for</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> LaTeX.</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45042r5"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">installed:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> Yes</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45044r6"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">revision:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> 46963</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-45046r7"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-8">sizes:</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-8"> 657941k</span></div>
<!--l. 1637--><p class="indent" > Last and most important, for full documentation see <a
href="https://tug.org/texlive/tlmgr.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/tlmgr.html</span></a>, or:
</p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">tlmgr</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> -help</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 1644--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6 </span> <a
id="x1-460006"></a>Notes on Windows</h3>
<!--l. 1647--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1 </span> <a
id="x1-470006.1"></a>Windows-specific features</h4>
<!--l. 1650--><p class="noindent" >Under Windows, the installer does some extra things:
</p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">Menus and shortcuts.</span> </dt><dd
class="description">A new ‘TeX Live’ submenu of the Start menu is installed, which contains
entries for some GUI programs (<span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span>, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">texdoctk </span>and some documentation.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">File associations.</span> </dt><dd
class="description">If enabled, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">TeXworks </span>and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">Dviout </span>become either the default program for their
respective filetypes, or get an entry in the ‘Open with’ right-click menus of those filetypes.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">Bitmap to eps converter.</span> </dt><dd
class="description">Various bitmapped formats get an entry <span
class="ec-lmss-10">bitmap2eps </span>in their ‘Open with’
right-click menu. Bitmap2eps is a simple script which lets <span
class="ec-lmss-10">sam2p </span>or <span
class="ec-lmss-10">bmeps </span>do the real work.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">Automatic path adjustment.</span> </dt><dd
class="description">No manual configuration steps are required.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">Uninstaller.</span> </dt><dd
class="description">The installer creates an entry under ‘Add/Remove Programs’ for TeX Live. The uninstall
tab of the TeX Live Manager GUI refers to this. For a single-user install, the installer also creates
an uninstall entry under the Start menu.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">Write-protect.</span> </dt><dd
class="description">For an admin install, the TeX Live directories are write-protected, at least if TeX
Live is installed on a normal NTFS-formatted non-removable disk.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 1673--><p class="indent" > Also, have a look at <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlaunch</span>, described in section <a
href="#x1-410004.1">4.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:sharedinstall --></a>, for a different approach.
</p><!--l. 1676--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.2 </span> <a
id="x1-480006.2"></a>Additional software included on Windows</h4>
<!--l. 1678--><p class="noindent" >To be complete, a TeX Live installation needs support packages that are not commonly found on a Windows
machine. TeX Live provides the missing pieces. These programs are all installed as part of TeX Live only on
Windows.
</p><!--l. 1682--><p class="indent" >
</p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">Perl and Ghostscript.</span> </dt><dd
class="description">Because of the importance of Perl and Ghostscript, TeX Live includes ‘hidden’
copies of these programs. TeX Live programs that need them know where to find them, but
they don’t betray their presence through environment variables or registry settings. They aren’t
full-scale installations, and shouldn’t interfere with any system installations of Perl or Ghostscript.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">dviout.</span> </dt><dd
class="description">Also installed is <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dviout</span>, a DVI viewer. At first, when you preview files with <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dviout</span>, it will create
fonts, because screen fonts were not installed. After a while, you will have created most of the
fonts you use, and you will rarely see the font-creation window. More information can be found
in the (highly recommended) on-line help.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">TeXworks.</span> </dt><dd
class="description">TeXworks is a TeX-oriented editor with an integrated PDF viewer.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">Command-line tools.</span> </dt><dd
class="description">A number of Windows ports of common Unix command-line programs are
installed along with the usual TeX Live binaries. These include <span
class="ec-lmss-10">gzip</span>, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">zip</span>, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">unzip</span>, and the utilities
from the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">poppler </span>suite (<span
class="ec-lmss-10">pdfinfo</span>, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">pdffonts</span>, …); no standalone PDF viewer for Windows is included.
One option for that is the Sumatra PDF viewer, available from <a
href="https://sumatrapdfreader.org/" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://sumatrapdfreader.org/</span></a>.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="ec-lmbx-10">fc-list, fc-cache, </span><span
class="ec-lmbx-10">…</span> </dt><dd
class="description">The tools from the fontconfig library allow XeTeX to handle system fonts on
Windows. You can use <span
class="ec-lmss-10">fc-list </span>to determine the font names to pass to XeTeX’s extended <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\font</span>
command. If necessary, run <span
class="ec-lmss-10">fc-cache </span>first to update font information.
</dd></dl>
<!--l. 1718--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.3 </span> <a
id="x1-490006.3"></a>User Profile is Home</h4>
<!--l. 1721--><p class="noindent" >The Windows counterpart of a Unix home directory is the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">%USERPROFILE%</span></span></span> directory. Under Windows Vista
and later it is <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">C:\Users\<username></span></span></span>. In the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>file, and Kpathsea in general, <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">~</span></span></span> will expand
appropriately on both Windows and Unix.
</p><!--l. 1728--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.4 </span> <a
id="x1-500006.4"></a>The Windows registry</h4>
<!--l. 1731--><p class="noindent" >Windows stores nearly all configuration data in its registry. The registry contains a set of hierarchically
organized keys, with several root keys. The most important ones for installation programs are
<span class="path"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">HKEY_CURRENT_USER</span></span> and <span class="path"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE</span></span>, <span class="path"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">HKCU</span></span> and <span class="path"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">HKLM</span></span> in short. The <span class="path"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">HKCU</span></span> part of the registry is in
the user’s home directory (see section <a
href="#x1-490006.3">6.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:winhome --></a>). <span class="path"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">HKLM</span></span> is normally in a subdirectory of the Windows
directory.
</p><!--l. 1739--><p class="indent" > In some cases, system information could be obtained from environment variables but for other information,
for example the location of shortcuts, it is necessary to consult the registry. Setting environment variables
permanently also requires registry access.
</p><!--l. 1745--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.5 </span> <a
id="x1-510006.5"></a>Windows permissions</h4>
<!--l. 1748--><p class="noindent" >In later versions of Windows, a distinction is made between regular users and administrators, where only the
latter have free access to the entire operating system. We have made an effort to make TeX Live installable
without administrative privileges.
</p><!--l. 1753--><p class="indent" > If the installer is started with administrative permissions, there is an option to install for all users. If
this option is chosen, shortcuts are created for all users, and the system search path is modified.
Otherwise, shortcuts and menu entries are created for the current user, and the user search path is
modified.
</p><!--l. 1759--><p class="indent" > Regardless of administrator status, the default root of TeX Live proposed by the installer is always
under <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">%SystemDrive%</span></span></span>. The installer always tests whether the root is writable for the current
user.
</p><!--l. 1763--><p class="indent" > A problem may arise if the user is not an administrator and TeX already exists in the search path. Since
the effective search path consists of the system search path followed by the user search path, the new TeX Live
would never get precedence. As a safeguard, the installer creates a shortcut to the command-prompt in
which the new TeX Live binary directory is prepended to the local search path. The new TeX
Live will be always usable from within such a command-prompt. The shortcut for TeXworks, if
installed, also prepends TeX Live to the search path, so it should also be immune to this path
problem.
</p><!--l. 1773--><p class="indent" > You should be aware that even if you are logged in as administrator, you need to explicitly ask for
administrator privileges. In fact, there is not much point in logging in as administrator. Instead,
right-clicking on the program or shortcut that you want to run usually gives you a choice ‘Run as
administrator’.
</p><!--l. 1780--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.6 </span> <a
id="x1-520006.6"></a>Increasing maximum memory on Windows and Cygwin</h4>
<!--l. 1783--><p class="noindent" >Windows and Cygwin (see section <a
href="#x1-190003.1.4">3.1.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:cygwin --></a> for Cygwin installation specifics) users may find that they run out of
memory when running some of the programs shipped with TeX Live. For example, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">asy </span>might run out of
memory if you try to allocate an array of 25,000,000 reals, and LuaTeX might run out of memory if you try to
process a document with a lot of big fonts.
</p><!--l. 1790--><p class="indent" > For Cygwin, you can increase the amount of available memory by following the instructions in the Cygwin
User’s Guide (<a
href="https://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/setup-maxmem.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/setup-maxmem.html</span></a>).
</p><!--l. 1794--><p class="indent" > For Windows, you have to create a file, say <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">moremem.reg</span>, with these four lines:
</p><!--l. 1797--><p class="indent" >
</p>
<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb13"><a
id="x1-52002r1"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">Windows</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> Registry</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> Editor</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> Version</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> 5.00</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-52004r2"></a><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-52006r3"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Cygwin]</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-52008r4"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">"heap_chunk_in_mb"=dword:ffffff00</span></div>
<!--l. 1804--><p class="noindent" >and then execute the command <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">regedit /s moremem.reg </span>as administrator. (If you want to change memory
only for the current user instead of system-wide, use <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">HKEY_CURRENT_USER</span>.)
</p><!--l. 1809--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7 </span> <a
id="x1-530007"></a>A user’s guide to Web2C</h3>
<!--l. 1811--><p class="noindent" >Web2C is an integrated collection of TeX-related programs: TeX itself, Metafont, MetaPost, BibTeX, etc.
It is the heart of TeX Live. The home page for Web2C, with the current manual and more, is
<a
href="https://tug.org/web2c" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/web2c</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 1816--><p class="indent" > A bit of history: The original implementation was by Tomas Rokicki who, in 1987, developed a first
TeX-to-C system based on change files under Unix, which were primarily the original work of Howard
Trickey and Pavel Curtis. Tim Morgan became the maintainer of the system, and during this period
the name changed to Web-to-C. In 1990, Karl Berry took over the work, assisted by dozens of
additional contributors, and in 1997 he handed the baton to Olaf Weber, who returned it to Karl in
2006.
</p><!--l. 1825--><p class="indent" > The Web2C system runs on Unix, 32-bit Windows systems, Mac OS X, and other operating systems.
It uses Knuth’s original sources for TeX and other basic programs written in the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">WEB </span>literate
programming system and translates them into C source code. The core TeX programs handled in this way
are:
</p><!--l. 1831--><p class="indent" >
</p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">bibtex</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1832--><p class="noindent" >Maintaining bibliographies.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvicopy</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1833--><p class="noindent" >Expands virtual font references in DVI files.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvitomp</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1834--><p class="noindent" >DVI to MPX (MetaPost pictures).
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvitype</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1835--><p class="noindent" >DVI to human-readable text.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">gftodvi</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1836--><p class="noindent" >Generic font proofsheets.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">gftopk</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1837--><p class="noindent" >Generic to packed fonts.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">gftype</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1838--><p class="noindent" >GF to human-readable text.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">mf </span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1839--><p class="noindent" >Creating typeface families.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">mft</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1840--><p class="noindent" >Prettyprinting Metafont source.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">mpost</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1841--><p class="noindent" >Creating technical diagrams.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">patgen</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1842--><p class="noindent" >Creating hyphenation patterns.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">pktogf</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1843--><p class="noindent" >Packed to generic fonts.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">pktype</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1844--><p class="noindent" >PK to human-readable text.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">pltotf</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1845--><p class="noindent" >Plain text property list to TFM.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">pooltype</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1846--><p class="noindent" >Display <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">WEB </span>pool files.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">tangle</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1847--><p class="noindent" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">WEB </span>to Pascal.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">tex </span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1848--><p class="noindent" >Typesetting.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">tftopl</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1849--><p class="noindent" >TFM to plain text property list.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">vftovp</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1850--><p class="noindent" >Virtual font to virtual property list.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">vptovf</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1851--><p class="noindent" >Virtual property list to virtual font.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">weave</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1852--><p class="noindent" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">WEB </span>to TeX.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 1855--><p class="noindent" >The precise functions and syntax of these programs are described in the documentation of the individual
packages and of Web2C itself. However, knowing a few principles governing the whole family of programs will
help you take advantage of your Web2C installation.
</p><!--l. 1860--><p class="indent" > All programs honor these standard GNU options:
</p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">--help</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1862--><p class="noindent" >print basic usage summary.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">--version</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1863--><p class="noindent" >print version information, then exit.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 1866--><p class="indent" > And most also honor:
</p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">--verbose</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 1868--><p class="noindent" >print detailed progress report.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 1871--><p class="indent" > For locating files the Web2C programs use the path searching library Kpathsea (<a
href="https://tug.org/kpathsea" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/kpathsea</span></a>).
This library uses a combination of environment variables and configuration files to optimize searching the
(huge) collection of TeX files. Web2C can look at many directory trees simultaneously, which is useful in
maintaining TeX’s standard distribution and local and personal extensions in distinct trees. To speed up file
searches, the root of each tree has a file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R</span>, containing an entry showing the name and relative pathname for
all files under that root.
</p><!--l. 1882--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1 </span> <a
id="x1-540007.1"></a>Kpathsea path searching</h4>
<!--l. 1885--><p class="noindent" >Let us first describe the generic path searching mechanism of the Kpathsea library.
</p><!--l. 1888--><p class="indent" > We call a <span
class="ec-lmri-10">search path </span>a colon- or semicolon-separated list of <span
class="ec-lmri-10">path elements</span>, which are basically directory
names. A search path can come from (a combination of) many sources. To look up a file ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">my-file</span>’ along a
path ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.:/dir</span>’, Kpathsea checks each element of the path in turn: first <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">./my-file</span>, then <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/dir/my-file</span>,
returning the first match (or possibly all matches).
</p><!--l. 1896--><p class="indent" > In order to adapt optimally to all operating systems’ conventions, on non-Unix systems Kpathsea can use
filename separators different from colon (‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">:</span>’) and slash (‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/</span>’).
</p><!--l. 1900--><p class="indent" > To check a particular path element <span
class="ec-lmro-10">p</span>, Kpathsea first checks if a prebuilt database (see “Filename database”
on page <a
href="#x1-620007.2">67<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:filename-database --></a>) applies to <span
class="ec-lmro-10">p</span>, i.e., if the database is in a directory that is a prefix of <span
class="ec-lmro-10">p</span>. If so, the path specification
is matched against the contents of the database.
</p><!--l. 1906--><p class="indent" > Although the simplest and most common path element is a directory name, Kpathsea supports additional
features in search paths: layered default values, environment variable names, config file values, users’ home
directories, and recursive subdirectory searching. Thus, we say that Kpathsea <span
class="ec-lmri-10">expands </span>a path element, meaning
it transforms all the specifications into basic directory name or names. This is described in the following
sections in the same order as it takes place.
</p><!--l. 1915--><p class="indent" > Note that if the filename being searched for is absolute or explicitly relative, i.e., starts with ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/</span>’ or ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">./</span>’ or
‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">../</span>’, Kpathsea simply checks if that file exists.
</p><!--l. 1929--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.1 </span> <a
id="x1-550007.1.1"></a>Path sources</h5>
<!--l. 1932--><p class="noindent" >A search path can come from many sources. In the order in which Kpathsea uses them:
</p><!--l. 1935--><p class="indent" >
</p><ol class="enumerate1" >
<li
class="enumerate" id="x1-55002x1">A user-set environment variable, for instance, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXINPUTS</span>. Environment variables with a period
and a program name appended override; e.g., if ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">latex</span>’ is the name of the program being run,
then <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXINPUTS.latex </span>will override <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXINPUTS</span>.
</li>
<li
class="enumerate" id="x1-55004x2">A program-specific configuration file, for example, a line ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">S /a:/b</span>’ in <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvips</span>’s <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">config.ps</span>.
</li>
<li
class="enumerate" id="x1-55006x3">A Kpathsea configuration file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf</span>, containing a line like ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXINPUTS=/c:/d</span>’ (see below).
</li>
<li
class="enumerate" id="x1-55008x4">The compile-time default.</li></ol>
<!--l. 1948--><p class="noindent" >You can see each of these values for a given search path by using the debugging options (see “Debugging actions”
on page <a
href="#x1-660007.2.4">71<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:debugging --></a>).
</p><!--l. 1952--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.2 </span> <a
id="x1-560007.1.2"></a>Config files</h5>
<!--l. 1954--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea reads <span
class="ec-lmri-10">runtime configuration files </span>named <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>for search path and other definitions. The search
path <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFCNF </span>is used to look for these files, but we do not recommend setting this (or any) environment
variable to override the system directories.
</p><!--l. 1960--><p class="indent" > Instead, normal installation results in a file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.../2020/texmf.cnf</span>. If you must make changes to the
defaults (not normally necessary), this is the place to put them. The main configuration file is in
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.../2020/texmf-dist/web2c/texmf.cnf</span>. You should not edit this latter file, as your changes will be lost
when the distributed version is updated.
</p><!--l. 1967--><p class="indent" > As an aside, if you merely wish to add a personal directory to a particular search path, setting an
environment variable is a reasonable method:
</p>
<div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-2">
<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb14"><a
id="x1-56002r1"></a> TEXINPUTS=.:/my/macro/dir:</div>
</div>
<!--l. 1972--><p class="nopar" >To keep the setting maintainable and portable over the years, use a trailing ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">:</span>’ (‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">;</span>’ on Windows) to insert the
system paths, instead of trying to write them all out explicitly (see section <a
href="#x1-580007.1.4">7.1.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:default-expansion --></a>). Another option is to use the
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFHOME </span>tree (see section <a
href="#x1-260003.2.3">3.2.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:directories --></a>).
</p><!--l. 1979--><p class="indent" > <span
class="ec-lmri-10">All </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>files in the search path will be read and definitions in earlier files override those in later
files. For example, with a search path of <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.:$TEXMF</span></span></span>, values from <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">./texmf.cnf </span>override those from
<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMF/texmf.cnf</span></span></span>.
</p>
<ul class="itemize1">
<li class="itemize">Comments start with <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">%</span>, either at the beginning of a line or preceded by whitespace, and continue
to the end of the line.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Blank lines are ignored.
</li>
<li class="itemize">A <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\ </span>at the end of a line acts as a continuation character, i.e., the next line is appended. Whitespace
at the beginning of continuation lines is not ignored.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Each remaining line has the form:<br
class="newline" /> <span
class="ec-lmro-10">variable </span>[<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.</span><span
class="ec-lmro-10">progname</span>] [<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">=</span>] <span
class="ec-lmro-10">value</span><br
class="newline" /> where the ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">=</span>’ and surrounding whitespace are optional. (But if <span
class="ec-lmro-10">value </span>begins with ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.</span>’, it is simplest
to use the ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">=</span>’ to avoid the period being interpreted as the program name qualifier.)
</li>
<li class="itemize">The <span
class="ec-lmro-10">variable </span>name may contain any character other than whitespace, ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">=</span>’, or ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.</span>’, but sticking to
‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">A-Za-z_</span>’ is safest.
</li>
<li class="itemize">If ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.</span><span
class="ec-lmro-10">progname</span>’ is present, the definition only applies if the program that is running is named
<span
class="ec-lmro-10">progname </span>or <span
class="ec-lmro-10">progname</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.exe</span>. This allows different flavors of TeX to have different search paths,
for example.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Considered as strings, <span
class="ec-lmro-10">value </span>may contain any character. However, in practice most <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf</span>
values are related to path expansion, and since various special characters are used in expansion
(see section <a
href="#x1-610007.1.7">7.1.7<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:cnf-special-chars --></a>), such as braces and commas, they cannot be used in directory names.
<!--l. 2018--><p class="noindent" >A ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">;</span>’ in <span
class="ec-lmro-10">value </span>is translated to ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">:</span>’ if running under Unix, in order to have a single <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>that
can support both Unix and Windows systems. This translation happens with any value, not just
search paths, but fortunately in practice ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">;</span>’ is not needed in other values.
</p><!--l. 2024--><p class="noindent" >The <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$</span><span
class="ec-lmro-10">var</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.</span><span
class="ec-lmro-10">prog </span>feature is not available on the right-hand side; instead, you must use an additional
variable.
</p></li>
<li class="itemize">All definitions are read before anything is expanded, so variables can be referenced before they
are defined.</li></ul>
<!--l. 2031--><p class="noindent" >A configuration file fragment illustrating most of these points is shown below:
</p><!--l. 2035--><p class="indent" >
</p>
<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb15">
<a
id="x1-56004r1"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">TEXMF</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> =</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> {$TEXMFLOCAL,!!$TEXMFMAIN}</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-56006r2"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">TEXINPUTS.latex</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> =</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> .;$TEXMF/tex/{latex,generic;}//</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-56008r3"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">TEXINPUTS.fontinst</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> =</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> .;$TEXMF/tex//;$TEXMF/fonts/afm//</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-56010r4"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">%</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> e-TeX</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> related</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> files</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-56012r5"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">TEXINPUTS.elatex</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> =</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> .;$TEXMF/{etex,tex}/{latex,generic;}//</span>
<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-56014r6"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">TEXINPUTS.etex</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> =</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> .;$TEXMF/{etex,tex}/{eplain,plain,generic;}//</span>
</div>
<!--l. 2040--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.3 </span> <a
id="x1-570007.1.3"></a>Path expansion</h5>
<!--l. 2043--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea recognizes certain special characters and constructions in search paths, similar to those available in
Unix shells. As a general example, the path <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">~$USER/{foo,bar}//baz</span></span></span>, expands to all subdirectories under
directories <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">foo </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">bar </span>in <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$USER</span>’s home directory that contain a directory or file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">baz</span>. These expansions are
explained in the sections below.
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.4 </span> <a
id="x1-580007.1.4"></a>Default expansion</h5>
<!--l. 2054--><p class="noindent" >If the highest-priority search path (see “Path sources” on page <a
href="#x1-550007.1.1">62<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:path-sources --></a>) contains an <span
class="ec-lmri-10">extra colon </span>(i.e., leading,
trailing, or doubled), Kpathsea inserts at that point the next-highest-priority search path that is defined. If
that inserted path has an extra colon, the same happens with the next highest. For example, given an
environment variable setting
</p>
<div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">setenv</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> TEXINPUTS</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> /home/karl:</span>
</div>
</div> and a <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXINPUTS </span>value from <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>of
<div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> .:$TEXMF//tex</span>
</div>
</div> then the final value used for searching will be:
<div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> /home/karl:.:$TEXMF//tex</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 2075--><p class="indent" > Since it would be useless to insert the default value in more than one place, Kpathsea changes only one
extra ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">:</span>’ and leaves any others in place. It checks first for a leading ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">:</span>’, then a trailing ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">:</span>’, then a doubled
‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">:</span>’.
</p><!--l. 2080--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.5 </span> <a
id="x1-590007.1.5"></a>Brace expansion</h5>
<!--l. 2083--><p class="noindent" >A useful feature is brace expansion, which means that, for instance, <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">v{a,b}w</span></span></span> expands to <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">vaw:vbw</span></span></span>.
Nesting is allowed. This is used to implement multiple TeX hierarchies, by assigning a brace list
to <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMF</span>. In the distributed <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf</span>, a definition like this (simplified for this example) is
made:
</p>
<div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-3">
<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb16"><a
id="x1-59002r1"></a> TEXMF = {$TEXMFVAR,$TEXMFHOME,!!$TEXMFLOCAL,!!$TEXMFDIST}</div>
</div>
<!--l. 2091--><p class="nopar" >We then use this to define, for example, the TeX input path:
</p>
<div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-4">
<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb17"><a
id="x1-59004r1"></a> TEXINPUTS = .;$TEXMF/tex//</div>
</div>
<!--l. 2095--><p class="nopar" >which means that, after looking in the current directory, the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFVAR/tex</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFHOME/tex</span>,
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFLOCAL/tex </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFDIST/tex </span>trees will be searched (the last two using <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R </span>data base
files).
</p><!--l. 2102--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.6 </span> <a
id="x1-600007.1.6"></a>Subdirectory expansion</h5>
<!--l. 2105--><p class="noindent" >Two or more consecutive slashes in a path element following a directory <span
class="ec-lmro-10">d </span>is replaced by all subdirectories of <span
class="ec-lmro-10">d</span>:
first those subdirectories directly under <span
class="ec-lmro-10">d</span>, then the subsubdirectories under those, and so on. At each level, the
order in which the directories are searched is <span
class="ec-lmri-10">unspecified</span>.
</p><!--l. 2111--><p class="indent" > If you specify any filename components after the ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">//</span>’, only subdirectories with matching components are
included. For example, ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/a//b</span>’ expands into directories <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/a/1/b</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/a/2/b</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/a/1/1/b</span>, and so on, but not <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/a/b/c</span>
or <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/a/1</span>.
</p><!--l. 2116--><p class="indent" > Multiple ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">//</span>’ constructs in a path are possible, but ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">//</span>’ at the beginning of a path is ignored.
</p><!--l. 2119--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.7 </span> <a
id="x1-610007.1.7"></a>Summary of special characters in <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>files</h5>
<!--l. 2122--><p class="noindent" >The following list summarizes the special characters and constructs in Kpathsea configuration
files.
</p><!--l. 2127--><p class="noindent" >
</p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">:</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2128--><p class="noindent" >Separator in path specification; at the beginning or the end of a path, or doubled in the middle,
it substitutes the default path expansion.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">;</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2131--><p class="noindent" >Separator on non-Unix systems (acts like <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">:</span>).
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2132--><p class="noindent" >Variable expansion.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">~</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2133--><p class="noindent" >Represents the user’s home directory.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">{...}</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2134--><p class="noindent" >Brace expansion.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">,</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2135--><p class="noindent" >Separates items in brace expansion.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">//</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2136--><p class="noindent" >Subdirectory expansion (can occur anywhere in a path, except at its beginning).
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">%</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2138--><p class="noindent" >Start of comment.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2139--><p class="noindent" >At the end of a line, continuation character to allow multi-line entries.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">!!</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2141--><p class="noindent" >Search <span
class="ec-lmri-10">only </span>database to locate file, <span
class="ec-lmri-10">do not </span>search the disk.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 2145--><p class="indent" > Exactly when a character will be considered special or act as itself depends on the context in which it is
used. The rules are inherent in the multiple levels of interpretation of the configuration (parsing, expansion,
search, …) and so cannot be concisely stated, unfortunately. There is no general escape mechanism; in
particular, ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\</span>’ is not an “escape character” in <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>files.
</p><!--l. 2152--><p class="indent" > When it comes choosing directory names for installation, it is safest to avoid them all.
</p><!--l. 2155--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.2 </span> <a
id="x1-620007.2"></a>Filename databases</h4>
<!--l. 2158--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea goes to some lengths to minimize disk accesses for searches. Nevertheless, in the standard TeX Live,
or at any installation with enough directories, searching every possible directory for a given file will take
an excessively long time. Therefore, Kpathsea can use an externally-built plain text “database”
file named <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R </span>that maps files to directories, thus avoiding the need to exhaustively search the
disk.
</p><!--l. 2166--><p class="indent" > A second database file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">aliases </span>allows you to give additional names to the files listed in <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R</span>.
</p><!--l. 2169--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.2.1 </span> <a
id="x1-630007.2.1"></a>The filename database</h5>
<!--l. 2172--><p class="noindent" >As explained above, the name of the main filename database must be <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R</span>. You can put one at the root of
each TeX hierarchy in your installation that you wish to be searched (<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMF </span>by default). Kpathsea looks for
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R </span>files along the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFDBS </span>path.
</p><!--l. 2178--><p class="indent" > The recommended way to create and maintain ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R</span>’ is to run the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">mktexlsr </span>script included with the
distribution. It is invoked by the various ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">mktex</span>’… scripts. In principle, this script just runs the command
</p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">cd</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmro-10">/your/texmf/root</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> &&</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span class="path"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\</span></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ls</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> -1LAR</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ./</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> >ls-R</span>
</div>
</div> presuming your system’s <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ls </span>produces the right output format (GNU <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ls </span>is all right). To ensure
that the database is always up-to-date, it is easiest to rebuild it regularly via <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">cron</span>, so that it is
automatically updated when the installed files change, such as after installing or updating a LaTeX
package.
<!--l. 2191--><p class="indent" > If a file is not found in the database, by default Kpathsea goes ahead and searches the disk. If a particular
path element begins with ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">!!</span>’, however, <span
class="ec-lmri-10">only </span>the database will be searched for that element, never the
disk.
</p><!--l. 2197--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.2.2 </span> <a
id="x1-640007.2.2"></a>kpsewhich: Standalone path searching</h5>
<!--l. 2200--><p class="noindent" >The <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">kpsewhich </span>program exercises path searching independent of any particular application. This can be useful
as a sort of <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">find </span>program to locate files in TeX hierarchies (this is used heavily in the distributed
‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">mktex</span>’… scripts).
</p>
<div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">kpsewhich</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmro-10">option</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">…</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmro-10">filename</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">…</span>
</div>
</div> The options specified in <span
class="ec-lmro-10">option </span>start with either ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-</span>’ or ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">--</span>’, and any unambiguous abbreviation is
accepted.
<!--l. 2211--><p class="indent" > Kpathsea looks up each non-option argument on the command line as a filename, and returns the first file
found. There is no option to return all the files with a particular name (you can run the Unix ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">find</span>’ utility for
that).
</p><!--l. 2216--><p class="indent" > The most common options are described next.
</p><!--l. 2218--><p class="noindent" >
</p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">--dpi=</span><span
class="ec-lmro-10">num</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2219--><p class="noindent" > Set the resolution to <span
class="ec-lmro-10">num</span>; this only affects ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">gf</span>’ and ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">pk</span>’ lookups. ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-D</span>’ is a synonym, for
compatibility with <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvips</span>. Default is 600.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">--format=</span><span
class="ec-lmro-10">name</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2224--><p class="noindent" ><br
class="newline" />Set the format for lookup to <span
class="ec-lmro-10">name</span>. By default, the format is guessed from the filename. For
formats which do not have an associated unambiguous suffix, such as MetaPost support files and
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvips </span>configuration files, you have to specify the name as known to Kpathsea, such as <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tex </span>or <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">enc</span>
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">files</span>. Run <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">kpsewhich --help-formats </span>for a list.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">--mode=</span><span
class="ec-lmro-10">string</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2232--><p class="noindent" ><br
class="newline" />Set the mode name to <span
class="ec-lmro-10">string</span>; this only affects ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">gf</span>’ and ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">pk</span>’ lookups. No default: any mode will
be found.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">--must-exist</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2235--><p class="noindent" ><br
class="newline" />Do everything possible to find the files, notably including searching the disk. By default, only the
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R </span>database is checked, in the interest of efficiency.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">--path=</span><span
class="ec-lmro-10">string</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2239--><p class="noindent" ><br
class="newline" />Search along the path <span
class="ec-lmro-10">string </span>(colon-separated as usual), instead of guessing the search path from
the filename. ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">//</span>’ and all the usual expansions are supported. The options ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">--path</span>’ and ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">--format</span>’
are mutually exclusive.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">--progname=</span><span
class="ec-lmro-10">name</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2244--><p class="noindent" ><br
class="newline" />Set the program name to <span
class="ec-lmro-10">name</span>. This can affect the search paths via the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.</span><span
class="ec-lmro-10">progname </span>feature. The
default is <span
class="ec-lmss-10">kpsewhich</span>.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">--show-path=</span><span
class="ec-lmro-10">name</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2249--><p class="noindent" ><br
class="newline" />shows the path used for file lookups of file type <span
class="ec-lmro-10">name</span>. Either a filename extension (<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.pk</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.vf</span>, etc.)
or a name can be used, just as with ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">--format</span>’ option.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">--debug=</span><span
class="ec-lmro-10">num</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2253--><p class="noindent" ><br
class="newline" />sets the debugging options to <span
class="ec-lmro-10">num</span>.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 2258--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.2.3 </span> <a
id="x1-650007.2.3"></a>Examples of use</h5>
<!--l. 2261--><p class="noindent" >Let us now have a look at Kpathsea in action. Here’s a straightforward search:
</p>
<div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">kpsewhich</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> article.cls</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls</span>
</div>
</div> We are looking for the file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">article.cls</span>. Since the ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.cls</span>’ suffix is unambiguous we do not need to specify that
we want to look for a file of type <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tex </span>(TeX source file directories). We find it in the subdirectory
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tex/latex/base </span>below the ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-dist</span>’ TeX Live directory. Similarly, all of the following are found without
problems thanks to their unambiguous suffix. <div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">kpsewhich</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> array.sty</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/tools/array.sty</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">kpsewhich</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> latin1.def</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/latin1.def</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">kpsewhich</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> size10.clo</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size10.clo</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">kpsewhich</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> small2e.tex</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/small2e.tex</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">kpsewhich</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> tugboat.bib</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/bibtex/bib/beebe/tugboat.bib</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 2286--><p class="indent" > By the way, that last is a BibTeX bibliography database for <span
class="ec-lmro-10">TUGboat </span>articles.
</p>
<div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">kpsewhich</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> cmr10.pk</span>
</div>
</div> Font bitmap glyph files of type <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.pk </span>are used by display programs like <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvips </span>and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">xdvi</span>. Nothing is returned in
this case since there are no pre-generated Computer Modern ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.pk</span>’ files in TeX Live — the Type 1 variants are
used by default. <div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">kpsewhich</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> wsuipa10.pk</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texmf-var/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/wsuipa/wsuipa10.600pk</span>
</div>
</div> For these fonts (a phonetic alphabet from the University of Washington) we had to generate ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.pk</span>’ files, and
since the default Metafont mode on our installation is <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ljfour </span>with a base resolution of 600dpi (dots per inch),
this instantiation is returned. <div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">kpsewhich</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> -dpi=300</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> wsuipa10.pk</span>
</div>
</div> In this case, when specifying that we are interested in a resolution of 300dpi (<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-dpi=300</span>) we see that no such
font is available on the system. A program like <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvips </span>or <span
class="ec-lmss-10">xdvi </span>would go off and actually build the required <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.pk</span>
files using the script <span
class="ec-lmss-10">mktexpk</span>.
<!--l. 2315--><p class="indent" > Next we turn our attention to <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvips</span>’s header and configuration files. We first look at one of the commonly
used files, the general prologue <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tex.pro </span>for TeX support, before turning our attention to the generic
configuration file (<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">config.ps</span>) and the PostScript font map <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">psfonts.map </span>— as of 2004, map and encoding files
have their own search paths and new location in <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf </span>trees. As the ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.ps</span>’ suffix is ambiguous we
have to specify explicitly which type we are considering (<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">dvips config</span>) for the file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">config.ps</span>.
</p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">kpsewhich</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> tex.pro</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texmf/dvips/base/tex.pro</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">kpsewhich</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> --format="dvips</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> config"</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> config.ps</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texmf/dvips/config/config.ps</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">kpsewhich</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> psfonts.map</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texmf/fonts/map/dvips/updmap/psfonts.map</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 2333--><p class="indent" > We now take a closer look at the URW Times PostScript support files. The prefix for these in the standard
font naming scheme is ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">utm</span>’. The first file we look at is the configuration file, which contains the name of the
map file: </p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">kpsewhich</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> --format="dvips</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> config"</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> config.utm</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/dvips/psnfss/config.utm</span>
</div>
</div> The contents of that file is <div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> p</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> +utm.map</span>
</div>
</div> which points to the file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">utm.map</span>, which we want to locate next. <div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">kpsewhich</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> utm.map</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/fonts/map/dvips/times/utm.map</span>
</div>
</div> This map file defines the file names of the Type 1 PostScript fonts in the URW collection. Its contents look
like (we only show part of the lines): <div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">utmb8r</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> NimbusRomNo9L-Medi</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ...</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> <utmb8a.pfb</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">utmbi8r</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> NimbusRomNo9L-MediItal...</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> <utmbi8a.pfb</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">utmr8r</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> NimbusRomNo9L-Regu</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ...</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> <utmr8a.pfb</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">utmri8r</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> NimbusRomNo9L-ReguItal...</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> <utmri8a.pfb</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">utmbo8r</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> NimbusRomNo9L-Medi</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ...</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> <utmb8a.pfb</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">utmro8r</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> NimbusRomNo9L-Regu</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ...</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> <utmr8a.pfb</span>
</div>
</div> Let us, for instance, take the Times Roman instance <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">utmr8a.pfb </span>and find its position in the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf </span>directory
tree with a search for Type 1 font files: <div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">kpsewhich</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> utmr8a.pfb</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/urw/times/utmr8a.pfb</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 2372--><p class="indent" > It should be evident from these examples how you can easily locate the whereabouts of a given file. This is
especially important if you suspect that the wrong version of a file is picked up somehow, since <span
class="ec-lmss-10">kpsewhich </span>will
show you the first file encountered.
</p><!--l. 2377--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.2.4 </span> <a
id="x1-660007.2.4"></a>Debugging actions</h5>
<!--l. 2380--><p class="noindent" >Sometimes it is necessary to investigate how a program resolves file references. To make this practical,
Kpathsea offers various levels of debugging output:
</p><!--l. 2384--><p class="noindent" >
</p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> 1 </span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2385--><p class="noindent" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">stat </span>calls (disk lookups). When running with an up-to-date <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R </span>database this should almost
give no output.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> 2 </span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2388--><p class="noindent" >References to hash tables (such as <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R </span>databases, map files, configuration files).
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> 4 </span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2390--><p class="noindent" >File open and close operations.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> 8 </span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2391--><p class="noindent" >General path information for file types searched by Kpathsea. This is useful to find out where a
particular path for the file was defined.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">16 </span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2394--><p class="noindent" >Directory list for each path element (only relevant for searches on disk).
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">32 </span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2396--><p class="noindent" >File searches.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">64 </span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2397--><p class="noindent" >Variable values.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 2399--><p class="noindent" >A value of <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-1 </span>will set all the above options; in practice, this is usually the most convenient.
</p><!--l. 2402--><p class="indent" > Similarly, with the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvips </span>program, by setting a combination of debug switches, one can follow in detail
where files are being picked up from. Alternatively, when a file is not found, the debug trace shows in
which directories the program looks for the given file, so that one can get an indication what the
problem is.
</p><!--l. 2408--><p class="indent" > Generally speaking, as most programs call the Kpathsea library internally, one can select a debug option by
using the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">KPATHSEA_DEBUG </span>environment variable, and setting it to (a combination of) values as described in the
above list.
</p><!--l. 2413--><p class="indent" > (Note for Windows users: it is not easy to redirect all messages to a file in this system. For diagnostic
purposes you can temporarily <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">SET KPATHSEA_DEBUG_OUTPUT=err.log</span>).
</p><!--l. 2417--><p class="indent" > Let us consider, as an example, a small LaTeX source file, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">hello-world.tex</span>, which contains the following
input.
</p>
<div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-5">
<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb18"><a
id="x1-66002r1"></a> \documentclass{article}<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-66004r2"></a> \begin{document}<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-66006r3"></a> Hello World!<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-66008r4"></a> \end{document}</div>
</div>
<!--l. 2424--><p class="nopar" >This little file only uses the font <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">cmr10</span>, so let us look at how <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvips </span>prepares the PostScript file
(we want to use the Type 1 version of the Computer Modern fonts, hence the option <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-Pcms</span>).
</p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">dvips</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> -d4100</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> hello-world</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> -Pcms</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> -o</span>
</div>
</div> In this case we have combined <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvips</span>’s debug class 4 (font paths) with Kpathsea’s path element expansion (see
the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvips </span>reference manual). The output (slightly rearranged) appears in Figure <a
href="#x1-66031r12">12<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:dvipsdbga --></a>.
<!--l. 2436--><p class="indent" > <a
id="x1-66031r12"></a></p><figure class="float"
>
<div class="BVerbatimInput">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-9">debug:start</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> search(file=texmf.cnf,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> must_exist=1,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> find_all=1,</span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> path=.:/usr/local/bin/texlive:/usr/local/bin:</span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/bin/texmf/web2c:/usr/local:</span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texmf/web2c:/.:/./teTeX/TeX/texmf/web2c:).</span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">kdebug:start</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> search(file=ls-R,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> must_exist=1,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> find_all=1,</span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> path=~/tex:/usr/local/texmf).</span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">kdebug:search(ls-R)</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> =>/usr/local/texmf/ls-R</span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">kdebug:start</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> search(file=aliases,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> must_exist=1,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> find_all=1,</span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> path=~/tex:/usr/local/texmf).</span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">kdebug:search(aliases)</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> =></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texmf/aliases</span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">kdebug:start</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> search(file=config.ps,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> must_exist=0,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> find_all=0,</span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> path=.:~/tex:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//).</span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">kdebug:search(config.ps)</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> =></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texmf/dvips/config/config.ps</span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">kdebug:start</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> search(file=/root/.dvipsrc,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> must_exist=0,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> find_all=0,</span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> path=.:~/tex:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//).</span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">search(file=/home/goossens/.dvipsrc,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> must_exist=1,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> find_all=0,</span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//).</span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">kdebug:search($HOME/.dvipsrc)</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> =></span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">kdebug:start</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> search(file=config.cms,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> must_exist=0,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> find_all=0,</span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//).</span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">kdebug:search(config.cms)</span><br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">=>/usr/local/texmf/dvips/cms/config.cms</span></div>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 12:</span><span
class="content">Finding configuration files</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-66031r12 -->
</figure>
<!--l. 2442--><p class="indent" > <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvips </span>starts by locating its working files. First, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>is found, which gives the definitions of the
search paths for the other files, then the file database <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R </span>(to optimize file searching) and the file
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">aliases</span>, which makes it possible to declare several names (e.g., a short DOS-like 8.3 and a more
natural longer version) for the same file. Then <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvips </span>goes on to find the generic configuration file
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">config.ps </span>before looking for the customization file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.dvipsrc </span>(which, in this case is <span
class="ec-lmri-10">not found</span>).
Finally, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvips </span>locates the config file for the Computer Modern PostScript fonts <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">config.cms </span>(this was
initiated with the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-Pcms </span>option on the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvips </span>command). This file contains the list of the map
files which define the relation between the TeX, PostScript and file system names of the fonts.
</p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10">more</span><span
class="ec-lmtk-10"> /usr/local/texmf/dvips/cms/config.cms</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> p</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> +ams.map</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> p</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> +cms.map</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> p</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> +cmbkm.map</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> p</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> +amsbkm.map</span>
</div>
</div> <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvips </span>thus goes on to find all these files, plus the generic map file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">psfonts.map</span>, which is always loaded (it
contains declarations for commonly used PostScript fonts; see the last part of section <a
href="#x1-650007.2.3">7.2.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:examples-of-use --></a> for more details
about PostScript map file handling).
<!--l. 2469--><p class="indent" > At this point <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvips </span>identifies itself to the user: </p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">This</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> is</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> dvips(k)</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> 5.92b</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Copyright</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> 2002</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Radical</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Eye</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Software</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (www.radicaleye.com)</span>
</div>
</div> Then it goes on to look for the prolog file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texc.pro</span>: <div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">kdebug:start</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> search(file=texc.pro,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> must_exist=0,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> find_all=0,</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//:</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> ~/tex/fonts/type1//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1//).</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">kdebug:search(texc.pro)</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> =></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texmf/dvips/base/texc.pro</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 2486--><p class="indent" > After having found the file in question, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvips </span>outputs the date and time, and informs us that it will generate
the file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">hello-world.ps</span>, then that it needs the font file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">cmr10</span>, and that the latter is declared as “resident” (no
bitmaps needed): </p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">TeX</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> output</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> 1998.02.26:1204’</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> -></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> hello-world.ps</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">Defining</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> font</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> ()</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> cmr10</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> at</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> 10.0pt</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">Font</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> cmr10</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> <CMR10></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> is</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> resident.</span>
</div>
</div> Now the search is on for the file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">cmr10.tfm</span>, which is found, then a few more prolog files (not shown) are
referenced, and finally the Type 1 instance <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">cmr10.pfb </span>of the font is located and included in the output file
(see last line). <div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">kdebug:start</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> search(file=cmr10.tfm,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> must_exist=1,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> find_all=0,</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> path=.:~/tex/fonts/tfm//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/tfm//:</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> /var/tex/fonts/tfm//).</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">kdebug:search(cmr10.tfm)</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> =></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texmf/fonts/tfm/public/cm/cmr10.tfm</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">kdebug:start</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> search(file=texps.pro,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> must_exist=0,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> find_all=0,</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> ...</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"><texps.pro></span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">kdebug:start</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> search(file=cmr10.pfb,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> must_exist=0,</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> find_all=0,</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//:</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> ~/tex/fonts/type1//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1//).</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">kdebug:search(cmr10.pfb)</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> =></span><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1/public/cm/cmr10.pfb</span>
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9"><cmr10.pfb>[1]</span>
</div>
</div>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.3 </span> <a
id="x1-670007.3"></a>Runtime options</h4>
<!--l. 2517--><p class="noindent" >Another useful feature of Web2C is its possibility to control a number of memory parameters (in particular,
array sizes) via the runtime file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>read by Kpathsea. The memory settings can be found in Part 3 of
that file in the TeX Live distribution. The more important are:
</p><!--l. 2523--><p class="noindent" >
</p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">main_memory</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2524--><p class="noindent" >Total words of memory available, for TeX, Metafont and MetaPost. You must make a new format
file for each different setting. For instance, you could generate a “huge” version of TeX, and call
the format file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">hugetex.fmt</span>. Using the standard way of specifying the program name used by
Kpathsea, the particular value of the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">main_memory </span>variable will then be read from <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf</span>.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">extra_mem_bot</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2532--><p class="noindent" >Extra space for “large” TeX data structures: boxes, glue, breakpoints, etc. Especially useful if you
use PI CTeX.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">font_mem_size</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2536--><p class="noindent" >Number of words for font information available for TeX. This is more or less the total size of all
TFM files read.
</p></dd><dt class="list">
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">hash_extra</span> </dt><dd
class="list">
<!--l. 2539--><p class="noindent" >Additional space for the hash table of control sequence names. Only <span
class="lmsy-10">≈</span>10,000 control sequences
can be stored in the main hash table; if you have a large book with numerous cross-references,
this might not be enough. The default value of <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">hash_extra </span>is <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">50000</span>.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 2547--><p class="noindent" >This facility is no substitute for truly dynamic arrays and memory allocation, but since these are extremely
difficult to implement in the present TeX source, these runtime parameters provide a practical compromise
allowing some flexibility.
</p><!--l. 2552--><p class="indent" > <a id="texmfdotdir"></a>
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.4 </span> <a
id="x1-680007.4"></a><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFDOTDIR</span></h4>
<!--l. 2556--><p class="noindent" >In various places above, we gave various search paths starting with <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">. </span>(to search the current directory first), as
in </p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">TEXINPUTS=.;$TEXMF/tex//</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 2562--><p class="indent" > This is a simplification. The <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>file we distribute in TeX Live uses <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFDOTDIR </span>instead of just
‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.</span>’, as in: </p><div class="alltt">
<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span
class="ec-lmtt-9">TEXINPUTS=$TEXMFDOTDIR;$TEXMF/tex//</span>
</div>
</div> (In the distributed file, the second path element is also slightly more complicated than <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMF/tex//</span>. But
that’s minor; here we want to discuss the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFDOTDIR </span>feature.)
<!--l. 2571--><p class="indent" > The reason to use the variable <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFDOTDIR </span>in the path definitions instead of simply ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.</span>’ is purely so that
it can be overridden. For example, a complex document may have many source files arranged in many
subdirectories. To handle that, you can set <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFDOTDIR </span>to <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.// </span>(for example, in the environment when you
build the document) and they will all get searched. (Warning: don’t use <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.// </span>by default; it’s usually
highly undesirable, and potentially insecure, to search through all subdirectories for an arbitrary
document.)
</p><!--l. 2581--><p class="indent" > As another example, you may wish not to search the current directory at all, e.g., if you have arranged for
all the files to be found via explicit paths. You can set <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFDOTDIR </span>to, say, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/nonesuch </span>or any other
nonexistent directory for this.
</p><!--l. 2586--><p class="indent" > The default value of <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFDOTDIR </span>is just ‘<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.</span>’, as set in our <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf</span>.
</p><!--l. 2589--><p class="indent" > <a id="ack"></a>
</p>
<h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">8 </span> <a
id="x1-690008"></a>Acknowledgements</h3>
<!--l. 2592--><p class="noindent" >TeX Live is a joint effort by virtually all of the TeX user groups. This edition of TeX Live was overseen by Karl
Berry. The other principal contributors, past and present, are listed below.
</p>
<ul class="itemize1">
<li class="itemize">The English, German, Dutch, and Polish TeX user groups (TUG, DANTE e.V., NTG, and GUST,
respectively), which provide the necessary technical and administrative infrastructure. Please join
the TeX user group near you! (See <a
href="https://tug.org/usergroups.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/usergroups.html</span></a>.)
</li>
<li class="itemize">The CTAN team (<a
href="https://ctan.org" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://ctan.org</span></a>), which distributes the TeX Live images and provides the
common infrastructure for package updates, upon which TeX Live depends.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Nelson Beebe, for making many platforms available to TeX Live developers, and his own
comprehensive testing and unparalleled bibliographic efforts.
</li>
<li class="itemize">John Bowman, for making many changes to his advanced graphics program Asymptote to make
it work in TeX Live.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Peter Breitenlohner and the e-TeX team for the stable foundation of future TeX’s, and Peter
specifically for years of stellar help with GNU autotools and keeping sources up to date. Peter
passed away in October 2015, and we dedicate the continuing work to his memory.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Jin-Hwan Cho and all of the DVIPDFM<span
class="lmmi-10">x </span>team, for their excellent driver and responsiveness to
configuration issues.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Thomas Esser, without whose marvelous teTeX package TeX Live would have never existed.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Michel Goossens, who co-authored the original documentation.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Eitan Gurari, whose TeX4ht is used to create the HTML version of this documentation, and who
worked tirelessly to improve it at short notice, every year. Eitan prematurely passed away in June
2009, and we dedicate this documentation to his memory.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Hans Hagen, for much testing and making his ConTeXt package (<a
href="https://pragma-ade.com" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://pragma-ade.com</span></a>)
work within TeX Live’s framework, and continually driving TeX development.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Hàn Thế Thành, Martin Schröder, and the pdfTeX team (<a
href="http://pdftex.org" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">http://pdftex.org</span></a>), for
continuing enhancements of TeX’s abilities.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Hartmut Henkel, for significant development contributions to pdfTeX LuaTeX, and more.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Shunshaku Hirata, for much original and continuing on DVIPDFM<span
class="lmmi-10">x</span>.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Taco Hoekwater, for major renewed development efforts
on MetaPost and (Lua)TeX (<a
href="http://luatex.org" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">http://luatex.org</span></a>) itself, incorporating ConTeXt into TeX Live,
giving Kpathsea multi-threaded functionality, and much more.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Khaled Hosny, for substantial work on XeTeX, DVIPDFM<span
class="lmmi-10">x</span>, and efforts with Arabic and other
fonts.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Paweł Jackowski, for the Windows installer <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlpm</span>, and Tomasz Łuczak, for <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlpmgui</span>, used in past
releases.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Akira Kakuto, for providing the Windows binaries from his W32TEX distribution for Japanese
TeX (<a
href="http://w32tex.org" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">http://w32tex.org</span></a>), and many other development contributions.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Jonathan Kew, for developing the remarkable XeTeX engine and taking the time and trouble to
integrate it in TeX Live, as well as the initial version of the MacTeX installer, and also for our
recommended front-end TeXworks.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Hironori Kitagawa, for much work on pTeX and related support.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Dick Koch, for maintaining MacTeX (<a
href="https://tug.org/mactex" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/mactex</span></a>) in very close tandem with TeX
Live, and for his great good cheer in doing so.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Reinhard Kotucha, for major contributions to the TeX Live 2008 infrastructure and installer, as
well as Windows research efforts, the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">getnonfreefonts </span>script, and more.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Siep Kroonenberg, also for major contributions to the TeX Live 2008 infrastructure and installer,
especially on Windows, and for the bulk of work updating this manual describing those features.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Clerk Ma, for engine bug fixes and extensions.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Mojca Miklavec, for much help with ConTeXt, building many binary sets, and plenty more.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Heiko Oberdiek, for the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">epstopdf </span>package and many others, compressing the huge <span
class="ec-lmss-10">pst-geo </span>data
files so we could include them, and most of all, for his remarkable work on <span
class="ec-lmss-10">hyperref</span>.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Phelype Oleinik, for the group-delimited <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\input </span>across engines in 2020, and more.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Petr Olšak, who coordinated and checked all the Czech and Slovak material very carefully.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Toshio Oshima, for his <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dviout </span>previewer for Windows.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Manuel Pégourié-Gonnard, for helping with package updates, documentation improvements,
and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">texdoc </span>development.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Fabrice Popineau, for the original Windows support in TeX Live and work on the French
documentation.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Norbert Preining, the principal architect of the current TeX Live infrastructure and installer, and
also for coordinating the Debian version of TeX Live (together with Frank Küster), and doing
so much work along the way.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Sebastian Rahtz, for originally creating TeX Live and maintaining it for many years. Sebastian
passed away in March 2016, and we dedicate the continuing work to his memory.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Luigi Scarso, for continuing development of MetaPost, LuaTeX, and much more.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Andreas Scherer, for <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">cwebbin</span>, the CWEB implementation used in TeX Live.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Tomasz Trzeciak, for wide-ranging help with Windows.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Vladimir Volovich, for substantial help with porting and other maintenance issues, and especially
for making it feasible to include <span
class="ec-lmss-10">xindy</span>.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Staszek Wawrykiewicz, a principal tester for all of TeX Live, and coordinator of the many major
Polish contributions: fonts, Windows installation, and more. Staszek passed away in February
2018, and we dedicate the continuing work to his memory.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Olaf Weber, for his patient maintenance of Web2C in past years.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Gerben Wierda, for creating and maintaining the original Mac OS X support.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Graham Williams, the originator of the TeX Catalogue.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Joseph Wright, for much work on making the same primitive functionality available across engines.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Hironobu Yamashita, for much work on pTeX and related support.
</li></ul>
<!--l. 2744--><p class="indent" > Builders of the binaries: Marc Baudoin (<span
class="ec-lmss-10">amd64-netbsd</span>, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">i386-netbsd</span>), Ken Brown (<span
class="ec-lmss-10">i386-cygwin</span>,
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">x86_64-cygwin</span>), Simon Dales (<span
class="ec-lmss-10">armhf-linux</span>), Johannes Hielscher (<span
class="ec-lmss-10">aarch64-linux</span>), Akira Kakuto
(<span
class="ec-lmss-10">win32</span>), Dick Koch (<span
class="ec-lmss-10">x86_64-darwin</span>), Nikola Lečić (<span
class="ec-lmss-10">amd64-freebsd</span>, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">i386-freebsd</span>), Henri Menke
(<span
class="ec-lmss-10">x86_64-linuxmusl</span>), Mojca Miklavec (<span
class="ec-lmss-10">i386-linux</span>, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">x86_64-darwinlegacy</span>, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">i386-solaris</span>, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">x86_64-solaris</span>,
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">sparc-solaris</span>), Norbert Preining (<span
class="ec-lmss-10">x86_64-linux</span>). For information on the TeX Live build process, see
<a
href="https://tug.org/texlive/build.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/build.html</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 2761--><p class="indent" > Translators of this manual: Denis Bitouzé & Patrick Bideault (French), Carlos Enriquez Figueras
(Spanish), Jjgod Jiang, Jinsong Zhao, Yue Wang, & Helin Gai (Chinese), Nikola Lečić (Serbian), Marco
Pallante & Carla Maggi (Italian), Petr Sojka & Jan Busa (Czech/Slovak), Boris Veytsman (Russian),
Zofia Walczak (Polish), Uwe Ziegenhagen (German). The TeX Live documentation web page is
<a
href="https://tug.org/texlive/doc.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/doc.html</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 2773--><p class="indent" > Of course the most important acknowledgement must go to Donald Knuth, first for inventing TeX, and
then for giving it to the world.
</p><!--l. 2777--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9 </span> <a
id="x1-700009"></a>Release history</h3>
<!--l. 2780--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1 </span> <a
id="x1-710009.1"></a>Past</h4>
<!--l. 2782--><p class="noindent" >Discussion began in late 1993 when the Dutch TeX Users Group was starting work on its 4AllTeX CD for
MS-DOS users, and it was hoped at that time to issue a single, rational, CD for all systems. This was too
ambitious a target for the time, but it did spawn not only the very successful 4AllTeX CD, but also the TUG
Technical Council working group on a <span
class="ec-lmri-10">TeX Directory Structure </span>(<a
href="https://tug.org/tds" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/tds</span></a>), which specified how
to create consistent and manageable collections of TeX support files. A complete draft of the TDS was
published in the December 1995 issue of <span
class="ec-lmro-10">TUGboat</span>, and it was clear from an early stage that one desirable
product would be a model structure on CD. The distribution you now have is a very direct result of the
working group’s deliberations. It was also clear that the success of the 4AllTeX CD showed that
Unix users would benefit from a similarly easy system, and this is the other main strand of TeX
Live.
</p><!--l. 2798--><p class="indent" > We first undertook to make a new Unix-based TDS CD in the autumn of 1995, and quickly identified
Thomas Esser’s teTeX as the ideal setup, as it already had multi-platform support and was built with
portability across file systems in mind. Thomas agreed to help, and work began seriously at the start of 1996.
The first edition was released in May 1996. At the start of 1997, Karl Berry completed a major new release of
Web2c, which included nearly all the features which Thomas Esser had added in teTeX, and we decided to
base the 2nd edition of the CD on the standard Web2C, with the addition of teTeX’s <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texconfig </span>script.
The 3rd edition of the CD was based on a major revision of Web2C, 7.2, by Olaf Weber; at the
same time, a new revision of teTeX was being made, and TeX Live included almost all of its
features. The 4th edition followed the same pattern, using a new version of teTeX, and a new
release of Web2C (7.3). The system now included a complete Windows setup, thanks to Fabrice
Popineau.
</p><!--l. 2814--><p class="indent" > For the 5th edition (March 2000) many parts of the CD were revised and checked, updating hundreds of
packages. Package details were stored in XML files. But the major change for TeX Live 5 was that all
non-free software was removed. Everything in TeX Live is now intended to be compatible with the
Debian Free Software Guidelines (<a
href="https://debian.org/intro/free" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://debian.org/intro/free</span></a>); we have done our best to
check the license conditions of all packages, but we would very much appreciate hearing of any
mistakes.
</p><!--l. 2823--><p class="indent" > The 6th edition (July 2001) had much more material updated. The major change was a new install concept:
the user could select a more exact set of needed collections. Language-related collections were completely
reorganized, so selecting any of them installs not only macros, fonts, etc., but also prepares an appropriate
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">language.dat</span>.
</p><!--l. 2829--><p class="indent" > The 7th edition of 2002 had the notable addition of Mac OS X support, and the usual myriad of updates to
all sorts of packages and programs. An important goal was integration of the source back with teTeX, to
correct the drift apart in versions 5 and 6.
</p><!--l. 2834--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.1 </span> <a
id="x1-720009.1.1"></a>2003</h5>
<!--l. 2836--><p class="noindent" >In 2003, with the continuing flood of updates and additions, we found that TeX Live had grown so large it
could no longer be contained on a single CD, so we split it into three different distributions (see section <a
href="#x1-90002.1">2.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tl-coll-dists --></a>,
p. <a
href="#x1-90002.1">7<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tl-coll-dists --></a>). In addition:
</p>
<ul class="itemize1">
<li class="itemize">At the request of the LaTeX team, we changed the standard <span
class="ec-lmss-10">latex </span>and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">pdflatex </span>commands to now
use e-TeX (see p. <a
href="#x1-120002.4">10<!--tex4ht:ref: text:etex --></a>).
</li>
<li class="itemize">The new Latin Modern fonts were included (and are recommended).
</li>
<li class="itemize">Support for Alpha OSF was removed (HPUX support was removed previously), since no one had
(or volunteered) hardware available on which to compile new binaries.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Windows setup was substantially changed; for the first time an integrated environment based on
XEmacs was introduced.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Important supplementary programs for Windows (Perl, Ghostscript, ImageMagick, Ispell) are now
installed in the TeX Live installation directory.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Font map files used by <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvips</span>, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvipdfm </span>and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">pdftex </span>are now generated by the new program <span
class="ec-lmss-10">updmap</span>
and installed into <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf/fonts/map</span>.
</li>
<li class="itemize">TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost now, by default, output most input characters (32 and above) as
themselves in output (e.g., <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\write</span></span></span>) files, log files, and the terminal, i.e., <span
class="ec-lmri-10">not </span>translated using the
<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">^^</span></span></span> notation. In TeX Live 7, this translation was dependent on the system locale settings; now,
locale settings do not influence the TeX programs’ behavior. If for some reason you need the
<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">^^</span></span></span> output, rename the file <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf/web2c/cp8bit.tcx</span></span></span>. (Future releases will have cleaner ways to
control this.)
</li>
<li class="itemize">This documentation was substantially revised.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Finally, since the edition numbers had grown unwieldy, the version is now simply identified by the
year: TeX Live 2003.</li></ul>
<!--l. 2874--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.2 </span> <a
id="x1-730009.1.2"></a>2004</h5>
<!--l. 2876--><p class="noindent" >2004 saw many changes:
</p>
<ul class="itemize1">
<li class="itemize">If you have locally-installed fonts which use their own <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.map </span>or (much less likely) <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.enc </span>support
files, you may need to move those support files.
<!--l. 2884--><p class="noindent" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.map </span>files are now searched for in subdirectories of <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">fonts/map </span>only (in each <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf </span>tree), along
the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXFONTMAPS </span>path. Similarly, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.enc </span>files are now searched for in subdirectories of <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">fonts/enc</span>
only, along the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ENCFONTS </span>path. <span
class="ec-lmss-10">updmap </span>will attempt to warn about problematic files.
</p><!--l. 2891--><p class="noindent" >For methods of handling this and other information, please see
<a
href="https://tug.org/texlive/mapenc.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/mapenc.html</span></a>.
</p></li>
<li class="itemize">The TeX Collection has been expanded with the addition of a MiKTeX-based installable CD, for
those who prefer that implementation to Web2C. See section <a
href="#x1-80002">2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:overview-tl --></a> (p. <a
href="#x1-80002">7<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:overview-tl --></a>).
</li>
<li class="itemize">Within TeX Live, the single large <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf </span>tree of previous releases has been replaced by three:
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-dist</span>, and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-doc</span>. See section <a
href="#x1-100002.2">2.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tld --></a> (p. <a
href="#x1-100002.2">7<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tld --></a>), and the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">README </span>files for each.
</li>
<li class="itemize">All TeX-related input files are now collected in the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tex </span>subdirectory of <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf* </span>trees,
rather than having separate sibling directories <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tex</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">etex</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">pdftex</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">pdfetex</span>, etc. See
<a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/generic/tds/tds.html#Extensions" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-dist/doc/generic/tds/tds.html#Extensions</span></a>.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Helper scripts (not meant to be invoked by users) are now located in a new <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">scripts</span>
subdirectory of <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf* </span>trees, and can be searched for via <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">kpsewhich</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> -format=texmfscripts</span></span></span>.
So if you have programs which call such scripts, they’ll need to be adjusted. See
<a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/generic/tds/tds.html#Scripts" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-dist/doc/generic/tds/tds.html#Scripts</span></a>.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Almost all formats leave most characters printable as themselves via the “translation file”
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">cp227.tcx</span>, instead of translating them with the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">^^</span></span></span> notation. Specifically, characters at
positions 32–256, plus tab, vertical tab, and form feed are considered printable and not
translated. The exceptions are plain TeX (only 32–126 printable), ConTeXt (0–255 printable),
and the Omega-related formats. This default behavior is almost the same as in TeX Live
2003, but it’s implemented more cleanly, with more possibilities for customization. See
<a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/web2c/web2c.html#TCX-files" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-dist/doc/web2c/web2c.html#TCX-files</span></a>. (By the way, with Unicode input, TeX may
output partial character sequences when showing error contexts, since it is byte-oriented.)
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmss-10">pdfetex </span>is now the default engine for all formats except (plain) <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tex </span>itself. (Of course it generates
DVI when run as <span
class="ec-lmss-10">latex</span>, etc.) This means, among other things, that the microtypographic
features of <span
class="ec-lmss-10">pdftex </span>are available in LaTeX, ConTeXt, etc., as well as the e-TeX features
(<a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/" >texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/</a>).
<!--l. 2938--><p class="noindent" >It also means it’s <span
class="ec-lmri-10">more important than ever </span>to use the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">ifpdf </span>package (works with both plain and
LaTeX) or equivalent code, because simply testing whether <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfoutput </span>or some other primitive
is defined is not a reliable way to determine if PDF output is being generated. We made this
backward compatible as best we could this year, but next year, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfoutput </span>may be defined even
when DVI is being written.
</p></li>
<li class="itemize">pdfTeX (<a
href="http://pdftex.org" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">http://pdftex.org</span></a>) has many new features:
<ul class="itemize2">
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfmapfile </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfmapline </span>provide font map support from within a document.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Microtypographic font expansion can be used more easily.<br
class="newline" /><a
href="http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-pdftex/2004-May/000504.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-pdftex/2004-May/000504.html</span></a>
</li>
<li class="itemize">All parameters previously set through the special configuration file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">pdftex.cfg </span>must now be
set through primitives, typically in <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">pdftexconfig.tex</span>; <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">pdftex.cfg </span>is no longer supported.
Any extant <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.fmt </span>files must be redumped when <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">pdftexconfig.tex </span>is changed.
</li>
<li class="itemize">See the pdfTeX manual for more: <a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/manual/pdftex-a.pdf" >texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/manual/pdftex-a.pdf</a>.
</li></ul>
</li>
<li class="itemize">The <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\input </span>primitive in <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tex </span>(and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">mf </span>and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">mpost</span>) now accepts double quotes containing spaces and other
special characters. Typical examples:
<div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-6">
<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb19"><a
id="x1-73002r1"></a>\input "filename with spaces" % plain<br class="fancyvrb" /><a
id="x1-73004r2"></a>\input{"filename with spaces"} % latex</div>
</div>
<!--l. 2972--><p class="nopar" >See the Web2C manual for more: <a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/web2c" >texmf-dist/doc/web2c</a>.
</p></li>
<li class="itemize">encTeX support is now included within Web2C and consequently all TeX programs, via the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-enc</span>
option — <span
class="ec-lmri-10">only when formats are built</span>. encTeX supports general re-encoding of input and
output, enabling full support of Unicode (in UTF-8). See <a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/generic/enctex/" >texmf-dist/doc/generic/enctex/</a> and
<a
href="http://olsak.net/enctex.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">http://olsak.net/enctex.html</span></a>.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Aleph, a new engine combining e-TeX and Omega, is available. A little information is available in
<a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/aleph/base" >texmf-dist/doc/aleph/base</a> and <a
href="https://texfaq.org/FAQ-enginedev" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://texfaq.org/FAQ-enginedev</span></a>. The LaTeX-based format for
Aleph is named <span
class="ec-lmss-10">lamed</span>.
</li>
<li class="itemize">The latest LaTeX release has a new version of the LPPL — now officially a Debian-approved license.
Assorted other updates, see the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ltnews </span>files in <a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/latex/base" >texmf-dist/doc/latex/base</a>.
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvipng</span>, a new program for converting DVI to PNG image files, is included. See <a
href="https://ctan.org/pkg/dvipng" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://ctan.org/pkg/dvipng</span></a>.
</li>
<li class="itemize">We reduced the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">cbgreek </span>package to a “medium” sized set of fonts, with the assent and advice of the
author (Claudio Beccari). The excised fonts are the invisible, outline, and transparency ones, which are
relatively rarely used, and we needed the space. The full set is of course available from CTAN
(<a
href="https://ctan.org/pkg/cbgreek-complete" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://ctan.org/pkg/cbgreek-complete</span></a>).
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmss-10">oxdvi </span>has been removed; just use <span
class="ec-lmss-10">xdvi</span>.
</li>
<li class="itemize">The <span
class="ec-lmss-10">ini </span>and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">vir </span>commands (links) for <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tex</span>, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">mf</span>, and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">mpost </span>are no longer created, such as <span
class="ec-lmss-10">initex</span>.
The <span
class="ec-lmss-10">ini </span>functionality has been available through the command-line option <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-ini </span>for years
now.
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmss-10">i386-openbsd </span>platform support was removed. Since the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tetex </span>package in the BSD Ports system is
available, and GNU/Linux and FreeBSD binaries were available, it seemed volunteer time could be better
spent elsewhere.
</li>
<li class="itemize">On <span
class="ec-lmss-10">sparc-solaris </span>(at least), you may have to set the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">LD_LIBRARY_PATH </span>environment variable to run the
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">t1utils </span>programs. This is because they are compiled with C++, and there is no standard location for the
runtime libraries. (This is not new in 2004, but wasn’t previously documented.) Similarly, on <span
class="ec-lmss-10">mips-irix</span>,
the MIPSpro 7.4 runtimes are required.
</li></ul>
<!--l. 3023--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.3 </span> <a
id="x1-740009.1.3"></a>2005</h5>
<!--l. 3025--><p class="noindent" >2005 saw the usual huge number of updates to packages and programs. The infrastructure stayed relatively
stable from 2004, but inevitably there were some changes there as well:
</p>
<ul class="itemize1">
<li class="itemize">New scripts <span
class="ec-lmss-10">texconfig-sys</span>, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">updmap-sys</span>, and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">fmtutil-sys </span>were introduced, which modify the
configuration in the system trees. The <span
class="ec-lmss-10">texconfig</span>, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">updmap</span>, and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">fmtutil </span>scripts now modify
user-specific files, under <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$HOME/.texlive2005</span>.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Corresponding new variables <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFCONFIG </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSCONFIG </span>to specify the trees where
configuration files (user or system, respectively) are found. Thus, you may need to move
personal versions of <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">fmtutil.cnf </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">updmap.cfg </span>to these places; another option is to redefine
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFCONFIG </span>or <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSCONFIG </span>in <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf</span>. In any case the real location of these files and
the values of <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFCONFIG </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSCONFIG </span>must agree. See section <a
href="#x1-110002.3">2.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:texmftrees --></a>, p. <a
href="#x1-110002.3">8<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:texmftrees --></a>.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Last year, we kept <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfoutput</span></span></span> and other primitives undefined for DVI output, even though the
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">pdfetex </span>program was being used. This year, as promised, we undid that compatibility measure. So
if your document uses <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined</span></span></span> to test if PDF is being output, it will need to
be changed. You can use the package <span
class="ec-lmss-10">ifpdf.sty </span>(which works under both plain TeX and LaTeX)
to do this, or steal its logic.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Last year, we changed most formats to output (8-bit) characters as themselves (see previous section).
The new TCX file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">empty.tcx </span>now provides an easier way to get the original <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">^^</span></span></span> notation if you so desire,
as in:
<div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-7">
<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb20"><a
id="x1-74002r1"></a>latex --translate-file=empty.tcx yourfile.tex</div>
</div>
<!--l. 3062--><p class="nopar" >
</p></li>
<li class="itemize">The new program <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvipdfmx </span>is included for translation of DVI to PDF; this is an actively maintained
update of <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvipdfm </span>(which is also still available for now, though no longer recommended).
</li>
<li class="itemize">The new programs <span
class="ec-lmss-10">pdfopen </span>and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">pdfclose </span>are included to allow reloading of PDF files in the Adobe
Acrobat Reader without restarting the program. (Other PDF readers, notably <span
class="ec-lmss-10">xpdf</span>, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">gv</span>, and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">gsview</span>, have
never suffered from this problem.)
</li>
<li class="itemize">For consistency, the variables <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">HOMETEXMF </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">VARTEXMF </span>have been renamed to <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFHOME </span>and
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSVAR</span>, respectively. There is also <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFVAR</span>, which is by default user-specific. See the first point
above.
</li></ul>
<!--l. 3084--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.4 </span> <a
id="x1-750009.1.4"></a>2006–2007</h5>
<!--l. 3086--><p class="noindent" >In 2006–2007, the major new addition to TeX Live was the XeTeX program, available as the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">xetex </span>and
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">xelatex </span>programs; see <a
href="https://scripts.sil.org/xetex" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://scripts.sil.org/xetex</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 3090--><p class="indent" > MetaPost also received a notable update, with more planned for the future (<a
href="https://tug.org/metapost/articles" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/metapost/articles</span></a>),
likewise pdfTeX (<a
href="https://tug.org/applications/pdftex" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/applications/pdftex</span></a>).
</p><!--l. 3094--><p class="indent" > The TeX <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.fmt </span>(high-speed format) and the similar files for MetaPost and Metafont are now stored in
subdirectories of <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf/web2c</span>, instead of in the directory itself (although the directory is still searched, for the
sake of existing <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.fmt</span>’s). The subdirectories are named for the ‘engine’ in use, such as <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tex </span>or <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">pdftex </span>or <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">xetex</span>.
This change should be invisible in normal use.
</p><!--l. 3102--><p class="indent" > The (plain) <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tex </span>program no longer reads <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">%& </span>first lines to determine what format to run; it is the pure
Knuthian TeX. (LaTeX and everything else do still read <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">%& </span>lines).
</p><!--l. 3106--><p class="indent" > Of course the year also saw (the usual) hundreds of other updates to packages and programs. As usual,
please check CTAN (<a
href="https://ctan.org" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://ctan.org</span></a>) for updates.
</p><!--l. 3110--><p class="indent" > Internally, the source tree is now stored in Subversion, with a standard web interface for viewing the tree,
as linked from our home page. Although not visible in the final distribution, we expect this will provide a
stable development foundation for future years.
</p><!--l. 3115--><p class="indent" > Finally, in May 2006 Thomas Esser announced that he would no longer be updating teTeX
(<a
href="https://tug.org/tetex" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/tetex</span></a>). As a result, there was a surge of interest in TeX Live, especially among
GNU/Linux distributors. (There is a new <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tetex </span>installation scheme in TeX Live, which provides an
approximate equivalent.) We hope this will eventually translate to improvements in the TeX environment for
everyone.
</p><!--l. 3123--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.5 </span> <a
id="x1-760009.1.5"></a>2008</h5>
<!--l. 3125--><p class="noindent" >In 2008, the entire TeX Live infrastructure was redesigned and reimplemented. Complete information about an
installation is now stored in a plain text file <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlpkg/texlive.tlpdb</span>.
</p><!--l. 3129--><p class="indent" > Among other things, this finally makes possible upgrading a TeX Live installation over the Internet after
the initial installation, a feature MiKTeX has provided for many years. We expect to regularly update new
packages as they are released to CTAN.
</p><!--l. 3134--><p class="indent" > The major new engine LuaTeX (<a
href="http://luatex.org" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">http://luatex.org</span></a>) is included; besides a new level of flexibility
in typesetting, this provides an excellent scripting language for use both inside and outside of
TeX documents.
</p><!--l. 3139--><p class="indent" > Support among Windows and the Unix-based platforms is now much more uniform. In particular, most
Perl and Lua scripts are now available on Windows, using the Perl internally distributed with TeX
Live.
</p><!--l. 3143--><p class="indent" > The new <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>script (section <a
href="#x1-430005">5<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tlmgr --></a>) is the general interface for managing TeX Live after the initial installation.
It handles package updates and consequent regeneration of formats, map files, and language files, optionally
including local additions.
</p><!--l. 3148--><p class="indent" > With the advent of <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span>, the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">texconfig </span>actions to edit the format and hyphenation configuration files are
now disabled.
</p><!--l. 3151--><p class="indent" > The <span
class="ec-lmss-10">xindy </span>indexing program (<a
href="http://xindy.sourceforge.net/" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">http://xindy.sourceforge.net/</span></a>) is now included on most
platforms.
</p><!--l. 3154--><p class="indent" > The <span
class="ec-lmss-10">kpsewhich </span>tool can now report all matches for a given file (option <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">–all</span>) and limit matches to a given
subdirectory (option <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">–subdir</span>).
</p><!--l. 3158--><p class="indent" > The <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvipdfmx </span>program now includes functionality to extract bounding box information, via the command
name <span
class="ec-lmss-10">extractbb</span>; this was one of the last features provided by <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvipdfm </span>not in <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvipdfmx</span>.
</p><!--l. 3163--><p class="indent" > The font aliases <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">Times-Roman</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">Helvetica</span>, and so on have been removed. Different packages expected them
to behave differently (in particular, to have different encodings), and there was no good way to resolve
this.
</p><!--l. 3168--><p class="indent" > The <span
class="ec-lmss-10">platex </span>format has been removed, to resolve a name conflict with a completely different Japanese <span
class="ec-lmss-10">platex</span>;
the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">polski </span>package is now the main Polish support.
</p><!--l. 3172--><p class="indent" > Internally, the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">WEB</span> string pool files are now compiled into the binaries, to ease upgrades.
</p><!--l. 3175--><p class="indent" > Finally, the changes made by Donald Knuth in his ‘TeX tuneup of 2008’ are included in this release. See
<a
href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb29-2/tb92knut.pdf" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb29-2/tb92knut.pdf</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 3179--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.6 </span> <a
id="x1-770009.1.6"></a>2009</h5>
<!--l. 3181--><p class="noindent" >In 2009, the default output format for Lua(L<span
class="ec-lmr-7">A</span> )TeX is now PDF, to take advantage of LuaTeX’s OpenType
support, et al. New executables named <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">dviluatex </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">dvilualatex </span>run LuaTeX with DVI output. The
LuaTeX home page is <a
href="http://luatex.org" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">http://luatex.org</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 3186--><p class="indent" > The original Omega engine and Lambda format have been excised, after discussions with the Omega
authors. The updated Aleph and Lamed remain, as do the Omega utilities.
</p><!--l. 3190--><p class="indent" > A new release of the AMS Type 1 fonts is included, including Computer Modern: a few shape
changes made over the years by Knuth in the Metafont sources have been integrated, and the
hinting has been updated. The Euler fonts have been thoroughly reshaped by Hermann Zapf (see
<a
href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb29-2/tb92hagen-euler.pdf" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb29-2/tb92hagen-euler.pdf</span></a>). In all cases, the metrics remain
unchanged. The AMS fonts home page is <a
href="https://ams.org/tex/amsfonts.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://ams.org/tex/amsfonts.html</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 3198--><p class="indent" > The new GUI front end TeXworks is included for Windows, and also in MacTeX. For other platforms, and
more information, see the TeXworks home page, <a
href="https://tug.org/texworks" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texworks</span></a>. It is a cross-platform front-end
inspired by the Mac OS X TeXShop editor, aiming at ease-of-use.
</p><!--l. 3204--><p class="indent" > The graphics program Asymptote is included for several platforms. This implements a text-based graphics
description language vaguely akin to MetaPost, but with advanced 3D support and other features. Its home
page is <a
href="https://asymptote.sourceforge.io" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://asymptote.sourceforge.io</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 3209--><p class="indent" > The separate <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">dvipdfm </span>program has been replaced by <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">dvipdfmx</span>, which operates in a special compatibility
mode under that name. <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">dvipdfmx </span>includes CJK support and has accumulated many other fixes over the years
since the last <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">dvipdfm </span>release.
</p><!--l. 3215--><p class="indent" > Executables for the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">cygwin </span>and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">i386-netbsd </span>platforms are now included, while we were advised that
OpenBSD users get TeX through their package systems, plus there were difficulties in making binaries that
have a chance of working on more than one version.
</p><!--l. 3220--><p class="indent" > A miscellany of smaller changes: we now use <span
class="ec-lmss-10">xz </span>compression, the stable replacement for <span
class="ec-lmss-10">lzma</span>
(<a
href="https://tukaani.org/xz/" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tukaani.org/xz/</span></a>); a literal <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">$</span></span></span> is allowed in filenames when it does not introduce a known variable
name; the Kpathsea library is now multi-threaded (made use of in MetaPost); the entire TeX Live build is now
based on Automake.
</p><!--l. 3227--><p class="indent" > Final note on the past: all releases of TeX Live, along with ancillary material such as CD labels, are
available at <a
href="ftp://tug.org/historic/systems/texlive" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ftp://tug.org/historic/systems/texlive</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 3232--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.7 </span> <a
id="x1-780009.1.7"></a>2010</h5>
<!--l. 3235--><p class="noindent" >In 2010, the default version for PDF output is now 1.5, enabling more compression. This applies to all the
TeX engines when used to produce PDF and to <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">dvipdfmx</span>. Loading the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">pdf14 </span>LaTeX package changes back to
PDF 1.4, or set <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfminorversion=4</span></span></span>.
</p><!--l. 3240--><p class="indent" > pdf(L<span
class="ec-lmr-7">A</span> )TeX now <span
class="ec-lmri-10">automatically </span>converts a requested Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) file to PDF, via the
<span
class="ec-lmss-10">epstopdf </span>package, when and if the LaTeX <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">graphics.cfg </span>configuration file is loaded, and PDF is
being output. The default options are intended to eliminate any chance of hand-created PDF
files being overwritten, but you can also prevent <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">epstopdf </span>from being loaded at all by putting
<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\newcommand{\DoNotLoadEpstopdf}{}</span></span></span> (or <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\def...</span></span></span>) before the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\documentclass </span>declaration. It is also not
loaded if the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">pst-pdf </span>package is used. For more details, see the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">epstopdf </span>package documentation
(<a
href="https://ctan.org/pkg/epstopdf-pkg" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://ctan.org/pkg/epstopdf-pkg</span></a>).
</p><!--l. 3252--><p class="indent" > A related change is that execution of a very few external commands from TeX, via the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\write18 </span>feature, is
now enabled by default. These commands are <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">repstopdf</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">makeindex</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">kpsewhich</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">bibtex</span>, and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">bibtex8</span>; the
list is defined in <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf</span>. Environments which must disallow all such external commands can deselect
this option in the installer (see section <a
href="#x1-270003.2.4">3.2.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:options --></a>), or override the value after installation by running
<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> conf</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> texmf</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> shell_escape</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> 0</span></span></span>.
</p><!--l. 3261--><p class="indent" > Yet another related change is that BibTeX and Makeindex now refuse to write their output files to an
arbitrary directory (like TeX itself), by default. This is so they can now be enabled for use by the restricted
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\write18</span>. To change this, the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFOUTPUT </span>environment variable can be set, or the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">openout_any</span></span></span> setting
changed.
</p><!--l. 3267--><p class="indent" > XeTeX now supports margin kerning along the same lines as pdfTeX. (Font expansion is not presently
supported.)
</p><!--l. 3270--><p class="indent" > By default, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>now saves one backup of each package updated (<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr option autobackup 1</span>), so
broken package updates can be easily reverted with <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr restore</span>. If you do post-install updates, and don’t
have the disk space for the backups, run <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr option autobackup 0</span>.
</p><!--l. 3276--><p class="indent" > New programs included: the pTeX engine and related utilities for typesetting Japanese; the BibTeXU program
for Unicode-enabled BibTeX; the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">chktex </span>utility (originally from <a
href="http://baruch.ev-en.org/proj/chktex" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">http://baruch.ev-en.org/proj/chktex</span></a>) for
checking (L<span
class="ec-lmr-7">A</span> )TeX documents; the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">dvisvgm </span>(<a
href="https://dvisvgm.de" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://dvisvgm.de</span></a>) DVI-to-SVG translator.
</p><!--l. 3284--><p class="indent" > Executables for these new platforms are now included: <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">amd64-freebsd</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">amd64-kfreebsd</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">i386-freebsd</span>,
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">i386-kfreebsd</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwin</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-solaris</span>.
</p><!--l. 3288--><p class="indent" > A change in TeX Live 2009 that we failed to note: numerous TeX4ht-related executables
(<a
href="https://tug.org/tex4ht" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/tex4ht</span></a>) were removed from the binary directories. The generic <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">mk4ht </span>program can be used
to run any of the various <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tex4ht </span>combinations.
</p><!--l. 3293--><p class="indent" > Finally, the TeX Live release on the TeX Collection DVD can no longer be run live (oddly enough). A
single DVD no longer has enough room. One beneficial side effect is that installation from the physical
DVD is much faster.
</p><!--l. 3298--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.8 </span> <a
id="x1-790009.1.8"></a>2011</h5>
<!--l. 3300--><p class="noindent" >The Mac OS X binaries (<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">universal-darwin </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwin</span>) now work only on Leopard or later; Panther
and Tiger are no longer supported.
</p><!--l. 3304--><p class="indent" > The <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">biber </span>program for bibliography processing is included on common platforms. Its development is
closely coupled with the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">biblatex </span>package, which completely reimplements the bibliographical facilities
provided by LaTeX.
</p><!--l. 3309--><p class="indent" > The MetaPost (<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">mpost</span>) program no longer creates or uses <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.mem </span>files. The needed files, such as <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">plain.mp</span>, are
simply read on every run. This is related to supporting MetaPost as a library, which is another significant
though not user-visible change.
</p><!--l. 3314--><p class="indent" > The <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">updmap </span>implementation in Perl, previously used only on Windows, has been revamped and is now used
on all platforms. There shouldn’t be any user-visible changes as a result, except that it runs much
faster.
</p><!--l. 3319--><p class="indent" > The <span
class="ec-lmss-10">initex </span>and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">inimf </span>programs were restored (but no other <span
class="ec-lmss-10">ini* </span>variants).
</p><!--l. 3322--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.9 </span> <a
id="x1-800009.1.9"></a>2012</h5>
<!--l. 3324--><p class="noindent" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr </span>supports updates from multiple network repositories. The section on multiple repositories in the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr</span>
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">help </span>output has more.
</p><!--l. 3328--><p class="indent" > The parameter <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\XeTeXdashbreakstate </span>is set to 1 by default, for both <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">xetex </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">xelatex</span>. This allows line
breaks after em-dashes and en-dashes, which has always been the behavior of plain TeX, LaTeX, LuaTeX, etc.
Existing XeTeX documents which must retain perfect line-break compatibility will need to set
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\XeTeXdashbreakstate </span>to 0 explicitly.
</p><!--l. 3335--><p class="indent" > The output files generated by <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">pdftex </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">dvips</span>, among others, can now exceed 2 gigabytes.
</p><!--l. 3338--><p class="indent" > The 35 standard PostScript fonts are included in the output of <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">dvips </span>by default, since so many different
versions of them are extant.
</p><!--l. 3342--><p class="indent" > In the restricted <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\write18 </span>execution mode, set by default, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">mpost </span>is now an allowed program.
</p><!--l. 3345--><p class="indent" > A <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>file is also found in <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">../texmf-local</span>, e.g., <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local/web2c/texmf.cnf</span>, if
it exists.
</p><!--l. 3349--><p class="indent" > The <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">updmap </span>script reads a per-tree <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">updmap.cfg </span>instead of one global config. This change should be
invisible, unless you edited your updmap.cfg’s directly. The <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">updmap</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> --help</span></span></span> output has more.
</p><!--l. 3353--><p class="indent" > Platforms: <span
class="ec-lmss-10">armel-linux </span>and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">mipsel-linux </span>added; <span
class="ec-lmss-10">sparc-linux </span>and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">i386-netbsd </span>are no longer in the main
distribution.
</p><!--l. 3357--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.10 </span> <a
id="x1-810009.1.10"></a>2013</h5>
<!--l. 3359--><p class="noindent" >Distribution layout: the top-level <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf/ </span>directory has been merged into <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-dist/</span>, for simplicity. Both the
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFMAIN </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFDIST </span>Kpathsea variables now point to <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-dist</span>.
</p><!--l. 3364--><p class="indent" > Many small language collections have been merged together, to simplify installation.
</p><!--l. 3367--><p class="indent" > MetaPost: native support for PNG output and floating-point (IEEE double) has been added.
</p><!--l. 3370--><p class="indent" > LuaTeX: updated to Lua 5.2, and includes a new library (<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">pdfscanner</span>) to process external PDF page
content, among much else (see its web pages).
</p><!--l. 3374--><p class="indent" > XeTeX (also see its web pages for more): </p>
<ul class="itemize1">
<li class="itemize">The HarfBuzz library is now used for font layout instead of ICU. (ICU is still used to support
input encodings, bidirectionality, and the optional Unicode line breaking.)
</li>
<li class="itemize">Graphite2 and HarfBuzz are used instead of SilGraphite for Graphite layout.
</li>
<li class="itemize">On Macs, Core Text is used instead of the (deprecated) ATSUI.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Prefer TrueType/OpenType fonts to Type1 when the names are the same.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Fix occasional mismatch in font finding between XeTeX and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">xdvipdfmx</span>.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Support OpenType math cut-ins.</li></ul>
<!--l. 3388--><p class="indent" > <span
class="ec-lmss-10">xdvi</span>: now uses FreeType instead of <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">t1lib </span>for rendering.
</p><!--l. 3390--><p class="indent" > <span
class="ec-lmss-10">microtype.sty</span>: some support for XeTeX (protrusion) and LuaTeX (protrusion, font expansion, tracking),
among other enhancements.
</p><!--l. 3394--><p class="indent" > <span
class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span>: new <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">pinning </span>action to ease configuring multiple repositories; that section in <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10"> --help</span></span></span> has
more, online at <a
href="https://tug.org/texlive/doc/tlmgr.html#MULTIPLE-REPOSITORIES" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/doc/tlmgr.html#MULTIPLE-REPOSITORIES</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 3398--><p class="indent" > Platforms: <span
class="ec-lmss-10">armhf-linux</span>, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">mips-irix</span>, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">i386-netbsd</span>, and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">amd64-netbsd </span>added or revived; <span
class="ec-lmss-10">powerpc-aix</span>
removed.
</p><!--l. 3402--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.11 </span> <a
id="x1-820009.1.11"></a>2014</h5>
<!--l. 3404--><p class="noindent" >2014 saw another TeX tune-up from Knuth; this affected all engines, but the only visible change likely is the
restoration of the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">preloaded format </span>string on the banner line. Per Knuth, this now reflects the format that
<span
class="ec-lmri-10">would </span>be loaded by default, rather than an undumped format that is actually preloaded in the binary; it may
be overridden in various ways.
</p><!--l. 3411--><p class="indent" > pdfTeX: new warning-suppression parameter <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfsuppresswarningpagegroup</span>; new primitives for fake
interword spaces to help with PDF text reflowing: <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfinterwordspaceon</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfinterwordspaceoff</span>,
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdffakespace</span>.
</p><!--l. 3416--><p class="indent" > LuaTeX: Notable changes and fixes were made to font loading and hyphenation. The biggest addition is a
new engine variant, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">luajittex </span>and its siblings <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texluajit </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texluajitc</span>. This uses a just-in-time Lua
compiler (detailed <span
class="ec-lmro-10">TUGboat </span>article at <a
href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb34-1/tb106scarso.pdf" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb34-1/tb106scarso.pdf</span></a>). <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">luajittex </span>is
still in development, is not available on all platforms, and is considerably less stable than <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">luatex</span>. Neither we
nor its developers recommend using it except for the specific purpose of experimenting with jit on Lua
code.
</p><!--l. 3427--><p class="indent" > XeTeX: The same image formats are now supported on all platforms (including Mac); avoid Unicode
compatibility decomposition fallback (but not other variants); prefer OpenType to Graphite fonts, for
compatibility with previous XeTeX versions.
</p><!--l. 3432--><p class="indent" > MetaPost: A new numbersystem <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">decimal </span>is supported, along with a companion internal <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">numberprecision</span>;
a new definition of <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">drawdot </span>in <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">plain.mp</span>, per Knuth; bug fixes in SVG and PNG output, among
others.
</p><!--l. 3437--><p class="indent" > The <span
class="ec-lmss-10">pstopdf </span>ConTeXt utility will be removed as a standalone command at some point after the release, due
to conflicts with OS utilities of the same name. It can still (and now) be invoked as <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">mtxrun –script</span>
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">pstopdf</span>.
</p><!--l. 3442--><p class="indent" > <span
class="ec-lmss-10">psutils </span>has been substantially revised by a new maintainer. As a result, several seldom-used utilities (<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">fix*</span>,
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">getafm</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">psmerge</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">showchar</span>) are now only in the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">scripts/ </span>directory rather than being user-level
executables (this can be reversed if it turns out to be problematic). A new script, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">psjoin</span>, has been
added.
</p><!--l. 3449--><p class="indent" > The MacTeX redistribution of TeX Live (section <a
href="#x1-170003.1.2">3.1.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:macosx --></a>) no longer includes the optional Mac-only packages
for the Latin Modern and TeX Gyre fonts, since it is easy enough for individual users to make them available
to the system. The <span
class="ec-lmss-10">convert </span>program from ImageMagick has also been excised, since TeX4ht (specifically
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tex4ht.env</span>) now uses Ghostscript directly.
</p><!--l. 3456--><p class="indent" > The <span
class="ec-lmss-10">langcjk </span>collection for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean support has been split into individual language
collections for the sake of more moderate sizes.
</p><!--l. 3460--><p class="indent" > Platforms: <span
class="ec-lmss-10">x86_64-cygwin </span>added, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">mips-irix </span>removed; Microsoft no longer supports Windows XP, so our
programs may start failing there at any time.
</p><!--l. 3464--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.12 </span> <a
id="x1-830009.1.12"></a>2015</h5>
<!--l. 3466--><p class="noindent" >LaTeX2e now incorporates, by default, changes previously included only by explicitly loading the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">fixltx2e</span>
package, which is now a no-op. A new <span
class="ec-lmss-10">latexrelease </span>package and other mechanisms allow for controlling what is
done. The included LaTeX News #22 and “LaTeX changes” documents have details. Incidentally, the <span
class="ec-lmss-10">babel</span>
and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">psnfss </span>packages, while core parts of LaTeX, are maintained separately and are not affected by these
changes (and should still work).
</p><!--l. 3475--><p class="indent" > Internally, LaTeX2e now includes Unicode-related engine configuration (what characters are letters,
naming of primitives, etc.) which was previously part of TeX Live. This change is intended to be invisible to
users; a few low-level internal control sequences have been renamed or removed, but the behavior should be
just the same.
</p><!--l. 3481--><p class="indent" > pdfTeX: Support JPEG Exif as well as JFIF; do not emit a warning if <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfinclusionerrorlevel </span>is
negative; sync with <span
class="ec-lmss-10">xpdf</span> 3.04.
</p><!--l. 3485--><p class="indent" > LuaTeX: New library <span
class="ec-lmss-10">newtokenlib </span>for scanning tokens; bug fixes in the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">normal </span>random number generator
and other places.
</p><!--l. 3488--><p class="indent" > XeTeX: Image handling fixes; <span
class="ec-lmss-10">xdvipdfmx </span>binary looked for first as a sibling to <span
class="ec-lmss-10">xetex</span>; internal <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">XDV </span>opcodes
changed.
</p><!--l. 3491--><p class="indent" > MetaPost: New numbersystem <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">binary</span>; new Japanese-enabled <span
class="ec-lmss-10">upmpost </span>and <span
class="ec-lmss-10">updvitomp </span>programs, analogous
to <span
class="ec-lmss-10">up*tex</span>.
</p><!--l. 3495--><p class="indent" > MacTeX: Updates to the included Ghostscript package for CJK support. The TeX Distribution
Preference Pane now works in Yosemite (Mac OS X 10.10). Resource-fork font suitcases (generally
without an extension) are no longer supported by XeTeX; data-fork suitcases (<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.dfont</span>) remain
supported.
</p><!--l. 3501--><p class="indent" > Infrastructure: The <span
class="ec-lmss-10">fmtutil </span>script has been reimplemented to read <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">fmtutil.cnf </span>on a per-tree basis,
analogous to <span
class="ec-lmss-10">updmap</span>. Web2C <span
class="ec-lmss-10">mktex* </span>scripts (including <span
class="ec-lmss-10">mktexlsr</span>, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">mktextfm</span>, <span
class="ec-lmss-10">mktexpk</span>) now prefer programs in
their own directory, instead of always using the existing <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">PATH</span>.
</p><!--l. 3507--><p class="indent" > Platforms: <span
class="ec-lmss-10">*-kfreebsd </span>removed, since TeX Live is now easily available through the system
platform mechanisms. Support for some additional platforms is available as custom binaries
(<a
href="https://tug.org/texlive/custom-bin.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/custom-bin.html</span></a>). In addition, some platforms are now omitted from the
DVD (simply to save space), but can be installed normally over the net.
</p><!--l. 3515--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.13 </span> <a
id="x1-840009.1.13"></a>2016</h5>
<!--l. 3517--><p class="noindent" >LuaTeX: Sweeping changes to primitives, both renames and removals, along with some node structure
rearrangements. The changes are summarized in an article by Hans Hagen, “LuaTeX 0.90 backend changes for
PDF and more” (<a
href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb37-1/tb115hagen-pdf.pdf" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb37-1/tb115hagen-pdf.pdf</span></a>); for all the details, see the
LuaTeX manual, <a
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/luatex/base/luatex.pdf" >texmf-dist/doc/luatex/base/luatex.pdf</a>.
</p><!--l. 3525--><p class="indent" > Metafont: New highly experimental sibling programs MFlua and MFluajit, integrating Lua with Metafont,
for trial testing purposes.
</p><!--l. 3528--><p class="indent" > MetaPost: Bug fixes and internal preparations for MetaPost 2.0.
</p><!--l. 3530--><p class="indent" > <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH </span>support in all engines except LuaTeX (which will come in the next release) and
original <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tex </span>(intentionally omitted): if the environment variable <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH </span>is set, its value is used for
timestamps in the PDF output. If <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH_TEX_PRIMITIVES </span>is also set, the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH</span>
value is used to initialize the TeX primitives <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\year</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\month</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\day</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\time</span>. The pdfTeX manual has examples
and details.
</p><!--l. 3539--><p class="indent" > pdfTeX: new primitives <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfinfoomitdate</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdftrailerid</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfsuppressptexinfo</span>, to control values
appearing in the output which normally change with each run. These features are for PDF output only, not
DVI.
</p><!--l. 3544--><p class="indent" > XeTeX: New primitives <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\XeTeXhyphenatablelength</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\XeTeXgenerateactualtext</span>,<br
class="newline" /><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\XeTeXinterwordspaceshaping</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\mdfivesum</span>; character class limit increased to 4096; DVI id byte
incremented.
</p><!--l. 3549--><p class="indent" > Other utilities: </p>
<ul class="itemize1">
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">gregorio </span>is a new program, part of the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">gregoriotex </span>package for typesetting Gregorian chant
scores; it is included in <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">shell_escape_commands </span>by default.
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">upmendex </span>is an index creation program, mostly compatible with <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">makeindex</span>, with support for
Unicode sorting, among other changes.
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">afm2tfm </span>now makes only accent-based height adjustments upward; a new option <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-a </span>omits all
adjustments.
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ps2pk </span>can handle extended PK/GF fonts.</li></ul>
<!--l. 3565--><p class="indent" > MacTeX: The TeX Distribution Preference Pane is gone; its functionality is now in TeX Live Utility;
bundled GUI applications upgraded; new script <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">cjk-gs-integrate </span>to be run by users who wish to incorporate
various CJK fonts into Ghostscript.
</p><!--l. 3570--><p class="indent" > Infrastructure: System-level <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr </span>configuration file supported; verify package checksums; if GPG is
available, verify signature of network updates. These checks happen with both the installer and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr</span>. If GPG
is not available, updates proceed as usual.
</p><!--l. 3575--><p class="indent" > Platforms: <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">alpha-linux </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">mipsel-linux </span>removed.
</p><!--l. 3578--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.14 </span> <a
id="x1-850009.1.14"></a>2017</h5>
<!--l. 3580--><p class="noindent" >LuaTeX: More callbacks, more typesetting control, more access to internals; <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ffi </span>library for dynamic code
loading added on some platforms.
</p><!--l. 3584--><p class="indent" > pdfTeX: Environment variable <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH_TEX_PRIMITIVES</span></span></span> from last year renamed to
<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">FORCE_SOURCE_DATE</span></span></span>, with no changes in functionality; if the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfpageattr </span>token list contains the string
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/MediaBox</span>, omit output of the default <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/MediaBox</span>.
</p><!--l. 3589--><p class="indent" > XeTeX: Unicode/OpenType math now based on HarfBuzz’s MATH table support; some bug
fixes.
</p><!--l. 3592--><p class="indent" > Dvips: Make the last papersize special win, for consistency with <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">dvipdfmx </span>and package expectations; the
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-L0 </span>option (<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">L0 </span>config setting) restores the previous behavior of the first special winning.
</p><!--l. 3597--><p class="indent" > epTeX, eupTeX: New primitives <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfuniformdeviate</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfnormaldeviate</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfrandomseed</span>,
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfsetrandomseed</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfelapsedtime</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfresettimer</span>, from pdfTeX.
</p><!--l. 3601--><p class="indent" > MacTeX: As of this year, only Mac OS X releases for which Apple still releases security patches
will be supported in MacTeX, under the platform name <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwin</span></span></span>; currently this means
Yosemite, El Capitan, and Sierra (10.10 and newer). Binaries for older Mac OS X versions are not
included in MacTeX, but are still available in TeX Live (<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwinlegacy</span></span></span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">i386-darwin</span>,
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">powerpc-darwin</span>).
</p><!--l. 3608--><p class="indent" > Infrastructure: The <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFLOCAL </span>tree is now searched before <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSCONFIG </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSVAR </span>(by
default); the hope is that this will better match expectations of local files overriding system files. Also, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr</span>
has a new mode <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">shell </span>for interactive and scripted use, and a new action <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">conf auxtrees </span>to easily add and
remove extra trees.
</p><!--l. 3615--><p class="indent" > <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">updmap </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">fmtutil</span>: These scripts now give a warning when invoked without explicitly specifying either
so-called system mode (<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">updmap-sys</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">fmtutil-sys</span>, or option <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-sys</span>), or user mode (<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">updmap-user</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">fmtutil-user</span>,
or option <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-user</span>). The hope is that this will reduce the perennial problem of invoking user mode by accident
and thus losing future system updates. See <a
href="https://tug.org/texlive/scripts-sys-user.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/scripts-sys-user.html</span></a> for
details.
</p><!--l. 3623--><p class="indent" > <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">install-tl</span>: Personal paths such as <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFHOME </span>are now set to MacTeX values (<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">~/Library/...</span></span></span>) by
default on Macs. New option <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-init-from-profile </span>to start an installation with the values from a given profile;
new command <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">P </span>to explicitly save a profile; new profile variable names (but previous ones are still
accepted).
</p><!--l. 3630--><p class="indent" > SyncTeX: the name of the temporary file now looks like <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">foo.synctex(busy)</span>, instead of
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">foo.synctex.gz(busy) </span>(no <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.gz</span>). Front-ends and build systems that want to remove temp files may need
adjusting.
</p><!--l. 3635--><p class="indent" > Other utilities: <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texosquery-jre8 </span>is a new cross-platform program for retrieving locale and other OS
information from a TeX document; it is included in <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">shell_escape_commands</span></span></span> by default for restricted shell
execution. (Older JRE versions are supported by texosquery, but cannot be enabled in restricted mode, as they
are no longer supported by Oracle, even for security issues.)
</p><!--l. 3642--><p class="indent" > Platforms: See MacTeX entry above; no other changes.
</p><!--l. 3645--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.15 </span> <a
id="x1-860009.1.15"></a>2018</h5>
<!--l. 3647--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea: Case-insensitive filename matching now done by default in non-system directories; set <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>or
environment variable <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf_casefold_search </span>to <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">0 </span>to disable. Full details in the Kpathsea manual
(<a
href="https://tug.org/kpathsea" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/kpathsea</span></a>).
</p><!--l. 3652--><p class="indent" > epTeX, eupTeX: New primitive <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\epTeXversion</span>.
</p><!--l. 3654--><p class="indent" > LuaTeX: Preparation for moving to Lua 5.3 in 2019: a binary <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">luatex53 </span>is available on most platforms, but
must be renamed to <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">luatex </span>to be effective. Or use the ConTeXt Garden (<a
href="https://wiki.contextgarden.net" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://wiki.contextgarden.net</span></a>)
files; more information there.
</p><!--l. 3659--><p class="indent" > MetaPost: Fixes for wrong path directions, TFM and PNG output.
</p><!--l. 3661--><p class="indent" > pdfTeX: Allow encoding vectors for bitmap fonts; current directory not hashed into PDF ID; bug fixes for
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfprimitive </span>and related.
</p><!--l. 3664--><p class="indent" > XeTeX: Support <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/Rotate </span>in PDF image inclusion; exit nonzero if the output driver fails; various obscure
UTF-8 and other primitive fixes.
</p><!--l. 3668--><p class="indent" > MacTeX: See version support changes below. In addition, the files installed in <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/Applications/TeX/ </span>by
MacTeX have been reorganized for greater clarity; now this location contains four GUI programs (BibDesk,
LaTeXiT, TeX Live Utility, and TeXShop) at the top level and folders with additional utilities and
documentation.
</p><!--l. 3674--><p class="indent" > <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr</span>: new front-ends <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlshell </span>(Tcl/Tk) and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlcockpit </span>(Java); JSON output; <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">uninstall </span>now a synonym
for <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">remove</span>; new action/option <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">print-platform-info</span>.
</p><!--l. 3678--><p class="indent" > Platforms: </p>
<ul class="itemize1">
<li class="itemize">Removed: <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">armel-linux</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">powerpc-linux</span>.
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwin </span>supports 10.10–10.13 (Yosemite, El Capitan, Sierra, and High Sierra).
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwinlegacy </span>supports 10.6–10.10 (though <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwin </span>is preferred for 10.10).
All support for 10.5 (Leopard) is gone, that is, both the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">powerpc-darwin </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">i386-darwin</span>
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">platforms </span>have been removed.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Windows: XP is no longer supported.</li></ul>
<!--l. 3695--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.16 </span> <a
id="x1-870009.1.16"></a>2019</h5>
<!--l. 3697--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea: More consistent brace expansion and path splitting; new variable <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFDOTDIR </span>instead of
hard-coded <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.</span> in paths allows for easily searching additional or sub-directories (see comments in
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf</span>).
</p><!--l. 3702--><p class="indent" > epTeX, eupTeX: New primitives <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\readpapersizespecial </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\expanded</span>.
</p><!--l. 3705--><p class="indent" > LuaTeX: Lua 5.3 now used, with concomitant arithmetic and interface changes. The homegrown library
pplib is used to read pdf files, thus eliminating the dependency on poppler (and the need for C++); Lua
interface changed accordingly.
</p><!--l. 3710--><p class="indent" > MetaPost: <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">r-mpost </span>command name recognized as an alias for invocation with the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">–restricted </span>option,
and added to the list of restricted commands available by default. Minimum precision now 2 for
decimal and binary mode. Binary mode no longer available in MPlib but still available in standalone
MetaPost.
</p><!--l. 3717--><p class="indent" > pdfTeX: New primitive <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\expanded</span>; if new primitive parameter <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfomitcharset </span>is set to 1, the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">/CharSet</span>
string omitted from the PDF output, since it cannot feasibly be guaranteed correct, as required by PDF/A-2
and PDF/A-3.
</p><!--l. 3722--><p class="indent" > XeTeX: New primitives <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\expanded</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\creationdate</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\elapsedtime</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\filedump</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\filemoddate</span>,
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\filesize</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\resettimer</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\normaldeviate</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\uniformdeviate</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\randomseed</span>; extend <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\Ucharcat </span>to produce
active characters.
</p><!--l. 3734--><p class="indent" > <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr</span>: Support <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">curl </span>as a download program; use <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">lz4 </span>and gzip before <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">xz </span>for local backups, if available;
prefer system-provided binaries over binaries provided with TeX Live for compressor and download programs,
unless the environment variable <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXLIVE_PREFER_OWN </span>is set.
</p><!--l. 3740--><p class="indent" > <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">install-tl</span>: New option <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">-gui </span>(with no argument) is the default on Windows and Macs, and invokes a new
Tcl/TK GUI (see sections <a
href="#x1-50001.3">1.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:basic --></a> and <a
href="#x1-210003.1.6">3.1.6<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:graphical-inst --></a>).
</p><!--l. 3744--><p class="indent" > Utilities: </p>
<ul class="itemize1">
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">cwebbin </span>(<a
href="https://ctan.org/pkg/cwebbin" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://ctan.org/pkg/cwebbin</span></a>) is now the CWEB implementation in TeX Live, with
support for more language dialects, and including the <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ctwill </span>program to make mini-indexes.
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">chkdvifont</span>: report font information from DVI files, also from tfm/ofm, vf, gf, pk.
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">dvispc</span>: make a DVI file page-independent with respect to specials.</li></ul>
<!--l. 3756--><p class="indent" > MacTeX: <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwin </span>now supports 10.12 and higher (Sierra, High Sierra, Mojave); <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwinlegacy</span>
still supports 10.6 and newer. The spell checker Excalibur is no longer included, since it requires 32-bit
support.
</p><!--l. 3761--><p class="indent" > Platforms: removed <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">sparc-solaris</span>.
</p><!--l. 3764--><p class="indent" > <a id="news"></a>
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.2 </span> <a
id="x1-880009.2"></a>Present: 2020</h4>
<!--l. 3768--><p class="noindent" >General: </p>
<ul class="itemize1">
<li class="itemize">The <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\input </span>primitive in all TeX engines, including <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tex</span>, now also accepts a group-delimited
filename argument, as a system-dependent extension. The usage with a standard
space/token-delimited filename is completely unchanged. The group-delimited argument was
previously implemented in LuaTeX; now it is available in all engines. ASCII double quote
characters (<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">"</span>) are removed from the filename, but it is otherwise left unchanged after tokenization.
This does not currently affect LaTeX’s <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\input </span>command, as that is a macro redefinition of the
standard <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\input </span>primitive.
</li>
<li class="itemize">New option <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">–cnf-line </span>for <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">kpsewhich</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tex</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">mf</span>, and all other engines, to support arbitrary
configuration settings on the command line.
</li>
<li class="itemize">The addition of various primitives to various engines in this and previous years is intended
to result in a common set of functionality available across all engines (<span
class="ec-lmro-10">LaTeX</span><span
class="ec-lmro-10"> News #31</span>,
<a
href="https://latex-project.org/news" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://latex-project.org/news</span></a>).
</li></ul>
<!--l. 3790--><p class="indent" > epTeX, eupTeX: New primitives <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\Uchar</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\Ucharcat</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\current(x)spacingmode</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\ifincsname</span>; revise
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\fontchar?? </span>and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\iffontchar</span>. For eupTeX only: <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\currentcjktoken</span>.
</p><!--l. 3794--><p class="indent" > LuaTeX: Integration with HarfBuzz library, available as new engines <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">luahbtex </span>(used for <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">lualatex</span>) and
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">luajithbtex</span>. New primitives: <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\eTeXgluestretchorder</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\eTeXglueshrinkorder</span>.
</p><!--l. 3798--><p class="indent" > pdfTeX: New primitive <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfmajorversion</span>; this merely changes the version number in the PDF output; it
has no effect on any PDF content. <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfximage </span>and similar now search for image files in the same way as
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\openin</span>.
</p><!--l. 3803--><p class="indent" > pTeX: New primitives <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\ifjfont</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\iftfont</span>. Also in epTeX, upTeX, eupTeX.
</p><!--l. 3806--><p class="indent" > XeTeX: Fixes for <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\Umathchardef</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\XeTeXinterchartoks</span>, <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfsavepos</span>.
</p><!--l. 3808--><p class="indent" > Dvips: Output encodings for bitmap fonts, for better copy/paste capabilities
(<a
href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125rokicki-type3search.pdf" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125rokicki-type3search.pdf</span></a>).
</p><!--l. 3812--><p class="indent" > MacTeX: MacTeX and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwin </span>now require 10.13 or higher (High Sierra, Mojave, and Catalina);
<span
class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwinlegacy </span>supports 10.6 and newer. MacTeX is notarized and command line programs have
hardened runtimes, as now required by Apple for install packages. BibDesk and TeX Live Utility are
not in MacTeX because they are not notarized, but a <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">README </span>file lists urls where they can be
obtained.
</p><!--l. 3820--><p class="indent" > <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr </span>and infrastructure: </p>
<ul class="itemize1">
<li class="itemize">Automatically retry (once) packages that fail to download.
</li>
<li class="itemize">New option <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr check texmfdbs</span>, to to check consistency of <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R </span>files and <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">!! </span>specifications
for each tree.
</li>
<li class="itemize">Use versioned filenames for the package containers, as in <span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tlnet/archive/</span><span
class="ec-lmtto-10">pkgname</span><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">.rNNN.tar.xz</span>;
should be invisible to users, but a notable change in distribution.
</li>
<li class="itemize"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">catalogue-date </span>information no longer propagated from the TeX Catalogue, since it was often
unrelated to package updates.</li></ul>
<!--l. 3834--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.3 </span> <a
id="x1-890009.3"></a>Future</h4>
<!--l. 3836--><p class="noindent" >TeX Live is not perfect, and never will be. We intend to continue to release new versions, and would like to
provide more documentation, more programs, an ever-improved and better-checked tree of macros and fonts,
and anything else TeX. This work is all done by volunteers in their spare time, and so there is always more to
do. Please see <a
href="https://tug.org/texlive/contribute.html" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/contribute.html</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 3843--><p class="indent" > Please send corrections, suggestions, and offers of help to:
</p><div class="quote">
<!--l. 3845--><p class="noindent" ><a
href="mailto:tex-live@tug.org" ><span class="path"><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">tex-live@tug.org</span></span></a> <br
class="newline" /><a
href="https://tug.org/texlive" class="url" ><span
class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive</span></a></p></div>
<!--l. 3850--><p class="noindent" ><span
class="ec-lmro-10">Happy TeXing!</span>
</p>
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